APEURO UNIT 5 The Rise of Global Markets and Britain

Vasco de Gama

A Portuguese explorer who was the first to reach India by sea, establishing a direct maritime route and greatly enhancing European trade with Asia; put Portugal ahead in Indian Ocean trade

Dutch East India Company/VOC

A powerful trading company established in 1602 that played a crucial role in the Dutch spice trade and expanded Dutch influence in Asia; joint-stock company; the first transnational corporation and may have been the most profitable corporation in history; eventually degrades in competition with the British East India Company; focused on the East Indies

British East India Company

struggled initially, but eventually provided competition to the VOC; focused on India; with the Mughal Empire in decline, the British asserted themselves and eventually gained the entire subcontinent

Mughal Empire

A significant historical empire in South Asia that controlled large parts of India from the early 16th to the 19th century. Its decline in the 18th century allowed for the British to insert themselves into India, thereby gaining the subcontinent

Louis XIV

formed the French East India Company under the advise of Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1664 to compete with other European trading companies, significantly contributing to France's global trade presence.

Madras

A coastal city in India founded by the British East India Company in 1639, serving as an important trading post and a center for British colonial administration; seized by France during the War of Austrian Succession, but this was reversed in the peace treaty

Dutch Republic

became the dominant maritime trade power in the Atlantic following the 80 Years’ War

Navigation Acts

A series of laws established by England to create a monopoly for British merchants and weakened Dutch dominance in the Atlantic Trade

Acts of Union

A series of legislative measures that united England and Scotland into a single kingdom, forming The United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.

Treaty of Utrecht

A series of agreements signed in 1713 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, reshaping European borders and balancing power.

Seven Years’ War

A global conflict fought from 1756 to 1763 involving major European powers, often considered the first "world war" due to its scope and impact on colonial empires; Fredrick II’s invasion of Silesia sparked the War of Austrian Succession, and alliances fostered the involvement of Britain and France;Fredrick II refused to return Silesia to Austria, guaranteeing another war in the future and leading Maria Theresa to create new alliances, setting the stage for this conflict.

William Pitt the Elder

A British statesman and Prime Minister known for his leadership during the Seven Years' War, where he played a crucial role in expanding British imperial power and promoting military reforms.

Treaty of Paris

A series of agreements signed in 1763 that ended the Seven Years' War, resulting in significant territorial gains for Britain in North America and marking the rise of British dominance in global affairs.

Great War for Empire

A term used to describe the Seven Years’ War, highlighting its significance as a struggle for control of colonial territories and global dominance among European powers.

French and Indian War

A conflict in North America from 1754 to 1763 that was part of the larger Seven Years' War. It pitted British and colonial forces against French forces and their Native American allies, ultimately resulting in British territorial gains.

Pugachev Rebellion

An insurrection that occurred in Russia from 1773 to 1775, led by Emile Pugachev, who claimed to be the deposed Tsar Peter III. The rebellion highlighted discontent among serfs and peasants against the oppressive conditions of serfdom and government policies; resulted in Catherine the Great further restricting the freedoms of serfs

Emile Pugachev

was a Cossack leader who led the Pugachev Rebellion in Russia, claiming to be Tsar Peter III and advocating for the rights of serfs against oppression.

American Revolution

A conflict from 1775 to 1783 in which the thirteen American colonies fought for independence from British rule, ultimately leading to the establishment of the United States of America; occurs directly following the Pugachev Rebellion

Tupac Amaru

was an Inca leader of the 1780s uprising against Spanish colonial authority in Peru, advocating for ind igenous rights and autonomy.

Micaela Bastidas

was a prominent Peruvian revolutionary leader alongside her husband, Tupac Amaru II, during the late 18th-century uprising against Spanish colonial rule, fighting for indigenous autonomy and rights.

Francisco de Miranda

a creole official in the Spanish army who helped achieve the victory for the American revolutionaries at Yorktown; watched Spanish dealings with the rebels in Peru, calling the Spanish agents “astute and perfidious”; deemed the American Revolution the precursor to the Spanish colonies’ revolutions