Developmental Psych: Exam #2

iconic

a graphic or sign whose form directly reflects the thing it depicts (non-arbitrary)

symbolic

systems for representing and communicating thoughts, feelings, and knowledge (arbitrary relationship to things they represent)

symbols

systems for representing thoughts, feelings, knowledge and communicating them to others

phonemes

perceive and group the individual sounds

semantics

understanding the meaning of the sounds

syntax

appreciate how the order of the words affects the meaning

pragmatics

interpret how this was said → the social context or tone

phonology

the study of patterns of sounds in a language and across languages

phenemes

smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another

when is the native-nontaive phoneme sensitives period

2 - 12 months

IDT

the distinctive mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies and very young children

when does cooing begin

6-8 weeks

when does babbling begin

3-10 months

morphemes

the smallest units of meaning in a language, composed of one or more phonemes

word-segmentation

how do you parse continuous speech streams into words

adaptive constraints

a number of assumptions (also called constraints or biases) guide children’s acquisitions of word meaning

whole object bias

children assume the word refers to the whole object and not just part of it

shape bias

children generalize a novel word to objects of the same shape

taxonomic constraint

children extend words to others in the same category

mutually exclusivity

assumption that a given entity will have only one name

fast mapping

children learn words after just on exposure

when do infantssay their first word

10-14 months

when do infants say one to three words

1 year

holophrastic speech

period of one-word utterances

telegraphic speech

period of two or three word utterances that lack nonessential elements

how would a child ask for milk during the holophrastic speech stage?

milk!

how would a child ask for milk during the telegraphic speech stage (2 years old)?

give milk!

how would a child ask for milk during the telegraphic speech stage (3 years old)?

i want big girl cup!

overextension

using a given word in a broader context than is appropriate

syntactic rules

Generate correct endings to novel words

when do children start using syntactic rules

4 years olds

the ‘wug’ test

a test designed to investigate the acquisition of plural-formation and other rules of grammar

overregulation

children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words (aka over-applying rules)

linguistic context

syntactic form of a word (e.g., noun, verb) influences interpretation of what the word refers to

when does syntatic bootstrapping occur

2 years old

social pragmatics cues

paying attention to social cues and context

gaze following

paying attention to where the speaker is attending

prosody

the characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, and intonational patterns of language

dual representation

the characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, and intonational patterns of language

when does drawing begin

2.5 years old

nativist view

innate understanding of basic concepts play a central role in development

categorization

the cognitive process of classifying items or events into groups based on one or more common features

discrimination

distinguishing items or events based on one more more distinct features

categories

a set of items or events that are classified together

concepts

abstract set of rules that define membership in a category

how do categories and concepts differ

categorization can occur independent of “concept formation”

perceptual

uses sensory input to identify similarities between different stimuli and to group them together accordingly

theory of mind

an organized understanding of how mental processes such as intentions, desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior

false-belief understanding

• the understanding that another can have a belief that is inaccurate, even when you have the true belief

at what age does a child fail/pass a false-belief test?

fail: 3 years old

pass: 6 years old

essentialism

the view that living things have an essence inside them that makes them what they are

causal reasoning

understanding the effects have causes underlying them, which maybe sometimes be invisible

egocentric spatial representations

coding objects relative to oneself (position at the time of coding)

when do infants use egocentric spatial representations?

6 months

weber’s law

quantity discrimination is determined by the objective ratio between their values

what ratios can infants discriminate based on webers law at 6 months?

2:1

what ratios can infants discriminate based on webers law at 9 months?

3:2

what ratios can infants discriminate based on webers law at 12 months?

4:3

what ratios can infants discriminate based on webers law at adult age?

8:7

5 principles underlying counting

1. one-one correspondence

2. stable order

3. cardnality

4. order irrelevance

5. abstraction

Principles underlying counting: one-one correspondence

each object must be labeled with a single number word

Principles underlying counting: stable order

numbers should always be recited in the same order

Principles underlying counting: cardinality

the number of objects in the set corresponds to the last number states

Principles underlying counting: order irrelevance

objects can be counted left to right, right to left, or in any order

Principles underlying counting: abstraction

any set of discrete objects or events can be counted

individual differences

how and why children of the same age differ from one another and on the amount of continuity of such individual differences over time

general intelligence - g

cognitive processes that influence the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks

fluid intelligence

involves the ability to think on the spot to solve novel problems

crystallized intelligence

is factual knowledge about the world

IQ

a quantitative measure of a child’s intelligence relative to that of other children of the same age

multiple intelligence theory

Gardner’s theory of intellect, based on the view that people possess at least eight types of intelligence

types of intelligence → Gardner

1. linguistic

2. logical-mathematical

3. spatial

4. musical

5. naturalistic

6. bodily-kinesthetic

7. intrapersonal

8. interpersonal

basic abilities (primary mental abilities) → Thurstone

1. word fluency

2. verbal meaning

3. reasoning

4. spatial visualization

5. numbering

6. rote memory

7. processing speed

theory of intelligence

Sternberg’s theory of intellect, based on the view that intelligence is the ability to achieve success in life

freud proposed that?

sexual nature motivates behavior and influences relationships

freud’s five stages

1. oral

2. anal

3. phallic

4. latency

5. genital

orgal stage

• 1st year of life

• newborns possess an uncouncious

• Id & Ego

Id

the earliest and most primitive personality structure. It is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure

ego

the second personality structure to develop. It is the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality

superego

third personality structure consisting of internalized moral standards

erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

1. basic trust v. mistrust

2. autonomy v. shame & doubt

3. initiative v. guilt

4. industry v. inferiority

5. identity v. role confusion

basic trust v. mistrust

1st year

autonomy v. shame & doubt

1-3.5 years

initiative v. guilt

4-6 years

industry v. inferiority

6 years - puberty

identity v. role confusion

adolescence - early adulthood

behaviorism (Watson)

development is determined by the child’s environment, via the child learning through conditioning

behavior modification

a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior

reciprocal determinism

children seek particular kinds of interactions in their world that influenced their future environments, bidirectional

self-socialization

the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, etc.

selman’s stage 1

6-8 years

Children learn that someone can have a different perspective than their own

selman’s stage 2

8-10 years

children are able to think from someone else’s POV

Selman’s stage 3

10-12 years

children can compare their POV with another person

Selman’s stage 4

12+

adolescents can understand another POV by comparing it to the generalized other and determine if the POV is the same as the larger social group

hostile attribution bias

the tendency to assume that other people's ambiguous actions stem from hostile intent

achievement motivation

whether children are motivated by competence or by others’ views of their success

incremental/mastery orientation

a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure

entity theory (fixed mindset)

a theory that a person’s level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable

incremental theory (growth mindset)

a theory that a person’s intelligence can grow as a function of experience