fungus 2

Dikarya

subkingdom of fungi containing ascomycota and basidiomycota. Greek for two nuclei

Clamp connection

a hook-like structure formed by many basidiomycetes, ensures each hyphal cell has a pair of compatible, genetically distinct nuclei

basidium

club shaped structure found on fruiting bodies. site of karyogamy. site where sexual spores are produced

hymenium

specialized fertile layer on the underside of the fruiting body where basidia and asci develop to produce and release spores for reproduction

pileus

the upper umbrella shaped part of basidiomycete mushrooms containing the hymenium

stipe

the stalk or stem supporting the basidiomycete pileus

sporophore

the fruiting body, composed of stipe, pileus, and other structural tissue

generative hyphae

foundational hyphae, in ALL filamentous fungi

skeletal hyphae

thick walled unbranched hyphae, structural support

ligative hyphae

hyphae branched as fuck, bind other hyphae together

isogamy

sexual reproduction where fusing gametes are morphologically identical

plasmogamy

the stage of sexual reproduction where cytoplasm of two parent cells fuses without karyogamy. 

karyogamy

nuclei of separate cells fuse to form a single diploid nucleus

homothallic

organisms capable of sexual reproduction WITHIN clonal population

heterothallic

sexual reproduction requires DISTINCT individuals with compatible mating types

pheremone receptor (P/R) locus

encodes tightly linked pheromone and pheromone receptor genes

homeodomain locus

encodes homeodomain transcription factors that only become active in the heterodimeric state

bipolar mating system

single MAT locus controls mating type

tetrapolar mating system

P/R and HD loci unlinked, multiple MAT locii control mating types

laccase

oxidase enzyme produced by fungi that oxidizes a variety of phenolic substrates and plays a role in the degradation of lignin

polyphagous

fungi that can infect a wide variety of hosts (an Ascomycete pathogen that infects strawberries, tomatoes, and hydrangea)

mycoheterotroph

plant species that lost its ability to fix carbon via photosynthesis and depends on mycorrhizae to provide carbon

fungal mantle

ECM fungal growth outside of root epidermis that conencts to mycelium in the soil and the hartig net growing in the root

hartig net

intercellular network of fungal tissue growing within the root of ECM

ballistospore

forcibily discharged fungal spore, spore speed and discharge distance influenced by shape and size

ascus

“sack”-shaped structure found on fruiting bodies, site of karogamy, where sexual spores are produced

crozier

hook-shaped hyphal structure that forms near ascus during sexual reproduction, ensures each ascus initial has a pair of compatible, genetically distinct nuclei

ascogonium

female sex organ in ascomycetes

antheridium

male reproductive structure in ascomycetes

appressoria

specialized cells evolved by plant pathogens to infect their host

basidiomycete hymenium types

gills, pores, teeth, smooth, ridged

the 100% rule

never consume a wild mushroom unless you are absolutely certain of its identification

loss of function of HO endonucleus

converts yeast from homothallic to heterothallic

schizophyllum communue has

23,328 mating types due to the presence of multiple alleles at all four genes of tetrapolar mating system

fungi are primary decomposers of 

cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin. Otherwise would persist forever

white rot

degrates lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, preferentially degrades lignin

brown rot

breaks down hemicellulose and cellulose but not lignin

soft rot

breaks down lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in plant secondary cell wall leaving the middle lamella between plant cells intact

basidiomycetes are responsible for

white and brown rot

ascomycetes are

responsible for soft rot

wood decay fungi reside in

water-conducting, non-living xylem until a dieback or wound event provides the opportunity for their growth and activity.

extraradical mycelium in mycorrhizae

facilitates the acquisition of nutrients from poorly soluble materials through secretion of organic acids (solubilizes mineral salts) and siderophores (chelates iron). 

mushrooms have been shown to

create airflows to disperse their spore; these are formed as high rates of evaporation from the pileus cool the surrounding air. 

ascomycetes cause

85% of plant fungal diseases

appressoria of pathogenic fungi may be

melanized, hyaline (lacking melanin), or compound (multicellular)

appressoria occur in nonpathogenetic fungi

in commensal endophytes, saprophytes on sheer surfaces, in AMF as hyphopodia used for root entry, and in entomopathogenic fungi