Kinesiology

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41 Terms

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Anterior Position
facing forward
ventral
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Posterior Position
toward back/rear
dorsal
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Superior Position
toward head
cranial
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Inferior Position
toward feet
causal
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Medial Position
toward midline of body
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Lateral Position
toward side of body
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Sagittal Plane
Divides body into left and right
Anteroposterior Plane
Movements: flexion, extension, hyperextension
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Frontal Plane
Divides body into front and back
Coronal/lateral plane
Movements: abduction and adduction
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Transverse Plane
Divides body into upper and lower
Horizontal/axial plane
Movement: rotation
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Axial Skeleton
skull, vertebrae, thorax
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Appendicular Skeleton
limbs
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Long Bones
Long shaft with articular surfaces at/near ends
Major bones of arms and legs
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Short Bones
almost equal length and width
Bones of wrists and ankles
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Flat Bones
scapula and sternum
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Irregular Bones
Irregular in shape
Vertebrae
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Sesamoid Bones
Embedded in tendons
Patella
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Wolff's Law
bone will form in areas of stress and resorb in areas of disuse
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Osteopenia
loss of bone tissue with age
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Osteoporosis
critically low bone mineral density
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Fossa
depressed (concave) area on the bone
(fossa + condyle of adjacent bones fit together- joint)
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Condyle
rounded (convex) spot (often near/at end)
(fossa + condyle of adjacent bones fit together- joint)
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Tuberosity
raised area where a ligament/tendon attaches
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Synthrodial Joints
Immovable by design
Non-axial joints
skull joints, teeth and jaw joints
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Amphiarthrodial Joints
Slight degree of movement
pubic symphysis, intervertebral articulations
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Diathrodial Joints
Freely moveable
synovial joints
Uniaxial Joints, Biaxial Joints, Multi-axial Joints
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Range of Motion
amount of movement a joint can make within a plane without causing pain
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Tendons
Can withhold high forces without breaking
Very strong
Broken: can take a long time to heal- little bloodflow
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Ligaments
Somewhat more elastic than tendons
More stretch
Provide joint stability
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Parallel Muscles
fusiform, flat, triangular
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Pennate Muscles
Tendon runs along length of the muscle and fibers are oriented at an angle towards it
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Unipennate
muscle fibers insert on 1 side
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Bipennate
muscle fibers insert on both sides
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Moment of Force
measure of the turning effect produced by the force around an axis
F (N) x Moment Arm (m)
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1st Class Lever
EF - EMA - O - RMA - RF
Seesaw
mechanical advantage: =1,
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2nd Class Lever
O - RF - EF
Wheelbarrow
mechanical advantage: >1
Rare in human body
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3rd Class Lever
O - EF - RF
Tweezers
mechanical advantage:
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Nonaxial Joint
no axis
glide movement
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Uniaxial Joint
1 axis
hinge or pivot
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Biaxial Joint
2 axis
up and down and side to side
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Triaxial Joint
special to the thumb
gives us grip to pick things up
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Multiaxial Joint
over 2 axis
rotation