CTY Honors Biology Unit Lesson 8.4

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Description and Tags

- Population Growth - Factors that Affect Population Growth - Human Population Growth - Changes to Resources - Biodiversity

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72 Terms

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population

every species member in given location

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geographic range

  • pop. location affects size

  • more resources = more organisms

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density

amount of organisms in given area

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distribution

how spaced out the organisms are within their boundaries

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uniform

evenly spread throughout

  • competition for resources

  • maximizes space between

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random

unpredictable distribution

  • less individual interactions

*least common ex: dandelion seeds

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clumped

clustered together

  • clusters around resources

*most common

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growth rate

population size change over time

  • increase, decrease, no change

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age structure

male+female at each age

  • immature: before breeding

  • mature: breeding

*allows predictions on growth/reductions

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birth rate

num of births/time

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death rate

num of death/time

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growth rate

birth rate - death rate

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immigration

individuals going into population

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emigration

individuals exiting population

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effects of population factors

  • every factor must be considered

  • they can oppose or support each other

ex: birth=death, immigration>emigration → growth

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exponential growth

rapid growth

  • ideal conditions+unlimited resources

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logarithmic growth

phases of growth

*exponential growth is unsustainable

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phase 1

lag phase; slow growth

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phase 2

log phase; exponential growth

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phase 3

population disruption; slower growth

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phase 4

no size net growth *brith=death, em. = imm.

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carrying capacity

max num of organisms in species habitat can handle

*factors reduce capacity

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limiting factors

affect population’s environment, controlling population

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biotic limiting factors

  • competitors

  • predators

  • parasites+pathogens

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abiotic limiting factors

  • weather

  • natural disasters

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density-dependent competition

  • when density is too high for food, water, mates, etc

  • intra: within species, inter: between species

  • affect death+birth rates, emigration

  • limited resources → competition

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predation

predator kills prey, prey population decreases

*herbivores predators to plants

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predation effects

decreased prey → decreased predator → increased prey → increased predator

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disease

  • parasites+pathogens

  • high population density makes spreading easier from close contact

*epidemics: a lot of animal/plants

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density-independent factors

limits population regardless of density *random

  • weather: hurricanes, droughts, floods

  • natural disasters: fires, volcanoes, earthquakes

*affects entire population equally

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human population growth

  • slow growth

  • 500 BC increased more

  • industrial revolution (exponential growth)

  • to 7 billion people

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human growth reasons

  • sturdy shelters]

    • weather protection

    • comfortable living at diff temps/precipitation

  • easy food access

    • agriculture reduced migration

    • less energy for getting food

  • healthcare/sanitation

    • avoiding diseases

    • increase life expectancy

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human growth limits

  • competition

    • war (many deaths)

  • limited resources

    • water+food lack

    • starvation/malnutrition

  • disease

    • pathogens, viruses, bacteria

    • *pandemics constantly monitered

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demography

study of human populations

  • birth/death rates, life expectancy, age structure

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demographic transition

change from high birth/death rates to low

  • 1: high, high (no change)

  • 2: high, falling (improved living conditions)

  • 3: falling, low (waiting longer for children)

  • 4 low, low (stable)

*more developed countries are higher up in their transitions

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age structure diagram

evaluates ages for population changes+predicts future changes

  • organized by age+sex

*male/female age diffs, females usually live longer

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rectangular shape

evenly spread across ages

  • stable; no significant growth (ex: austrailia)

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triangular shape

more young than old people

  • population will grow once young people mature (ex: angola)

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urbanization

creation of cities

  • displaces flora+fauna

  • destroys habitat/environment

  • produces waste

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urban sprawl

spread pf urbanized areas

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industrial growth

building factories

  • similar to urbanization

  • burns fossil fuels

  • produces hazardous waste

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agriculture

farming

  • high water demands

  • soil nutrient depletion from crop monoculture

  • burns fossil fuels

  • fertilizer+pesticide waste

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erosion

removal of soil by wind (becomes drier when carried to diff places) and water (less plants allows water to run through soil)

*loss+redeposition is a major issue for ecosystems

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desertification

dry flat farmland to desert

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depletion

nutrients+water removed

*avoided with planting a variety, resting soil

  • monoculture: repeated crop planted

  • animal grazing: animals destroy plants

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deforestation

clearing of trees

  • agriculture, urbanization, wood

  • increases erosion+soil depletion from absence of trees/roots

*destroys habitat/allows erosion

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water pollution

*only 2% freshwater

  • sewage: a lot of nitrogen+bacteria

    • certain O2 consuming algae thrive from nitrogen, taking O2 from others

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point source

clear, single pollution source

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non-point source

multiple smaller sources without clear contributor

ex: pesticides, organic chemicals

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biomagnification

pollutant concentration as it travels up food chain

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biomagnification example

  1. low concentration in water, higher in plants (take in a lot of water)

  2. consumer gains more pollutant from eating many plants

  3. add. magnification as consumers eat more of each other

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water oversuse

water is a limited resources, and must be conserved

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air pollution

*usually non-point (industrial waste+fossil fuels)

  • smog: thick haze of pollutants over cities

  • acid rain: nitrogen+sulfur with water vapor to nitric+sulfuric acids which falls as precipitation

  • greenhouse gasses: contribute to climate change by trapping heat

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ozone (O3) layer

O3 absorbs sun UV radiation+protects from radiation

  • 1970’s: hole in ozone layer over Austrailia discovered

    • linked to CFCs (chloroflurocarbons), in aerosol, fridges, freezers

  • montreal protocol: banned most CFC *concentration lessened, hole stopped growing

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NASA climate change study

  • global warming: average global temp increase

  • severe weather/precipitation, sea levels increasing from ice levels melting

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2007 IPCC climate change study

  • shorter hibernation

  • dealer flowering seasons

  • linked to greenhouse gasses trapping heat

    • fossil fuels → more greenhouse gases

    • deforestation → less plants to take in CO2

*still being researched, sustainability is vital

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biodiversity


variation of all organisms in biosphere

  • ecosystem diversity: habitats+communities

  • species diversity: species amount+types

  • genetic diversity: in/between species

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undiscovered species

  • more than half species undiscovered

  • 90% of arachnid species undiscovered

  • 950,000 insects species known, 9 mil unknown

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healthy ecosystems

balance of all present species

*slight changes have drastic changes

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medecine

animals+plants produce compounds/treatments

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agriculture

selective breeding strengthens wanted traits in crops (disease resistance)

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development (agriculture/urban)

disrupts habitat/ecosystems

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habitat fragmentation

smaller habitat pieces from broken ecosystem communities

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over-hunting/fishing

  • reduces biodiversity (extinct)

  • invasive species (out-competes native species)

*limits now on over-hunting species

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pollution

damage to environment+ecosystem

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climate change

severe weather changes, sea levels increasing, ice levels decreasing, global warming

*sea ice loss → polar bears displaced

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diversity hotspots

areas where greater amount of species are threatened

*most in Pacific Ocean, at least 1 in each continent

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species preservation

endangered species bred+matured, then released into wild to increase numbers *zoos+aquariums

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ecosystem preservation

focuses on entire hot spots → entire group+natural interactions (learning about ecosystem through organism in natural habitat) *national parks, reforestation areas, reserves, marine sanctuaries

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people+preservation balance

rewards for inconvenience/cost of efforts

  • financial credit for hybrid cars, solar panels

  • tourist areas from preservation sites for profit

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biosphere reserves

  • encourages preservation

  • sustainable technology development

  • conservation policy creation

  • human+organism needs balanced

*World Network of Biosphere Reserves allocate and organize such responsibilities

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development (agriculture/urban)

disrupts ecosystems, habitats