energy processing: CR and photosynthesis

there are ____ major bio molecules that living things can create to ____ ____ or break down to ____ ____.

what r they + where do they come from?

3; store energy; obtain energy

- carbs (sugar/starch), proteins, lipids; food

catabolism is ______ LBMs to ____ for an organism.

ex. _____, _____

anabolism is _____ LBMs to ____ for an organism

ex. ____, ____

breaking down; release energy

ex. CR, fermentation

creating; store energy

ex. photosynthesis, fat storage

which LBMs give u energy?

all

what is a bond + what is released when its broken?

energy + electrons

cells cannot use ____ directly in energy metabolism to perform cellular process and need to ____ this energy to ____

LBMs; convert; ATP

cells can use energy from ______ reactions to do what?

catabolic; phosphorylate ADP into ATP (add P)

______/breaking the ______ in ATP can ____ energy for cellular processes.

catabolizing; last phosphate bond; release

ATP to ADP is _____.

ADP to ATP is _____.

why?

catabolism; anabolism

- ATP has more bonds + energy

to get max energy possible out of ____, ____ needs to be present in ___

glucose; oxygen; aerobic CR

oxygen acts as an ____ ___, which is important for and _____ the last step of CR, _____

electron acceptor; powers; oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)

why is O2 an electron acceptor, and what is O2 necessary for?

wants electrons to fill its shell; aerobic CR

glucose (______) is the molecule ____ by autotrophs or ____ by heterotrophs to ____ ___

C6H12O6; produced; eaten; recharge ATP

NAD and FAD can be REDUCED to _____ and ___, and are important in ____

NADH; FADH2; oxidative phosphorylation

CO2 is the ____ ____ during CR

waste product

ATP is the _____ of CR, and cells use it to ____/____ ____

end goal; store/release; energy

CR's first step in using chemical bonds in ____ is called ____.

what happens?

glucose; glycolysis

- glucose split using enzyme (hexokinase) to release energy + intermediate molecules

what are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

R: glucose

P: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (NET 2), 2 NADH

glycolysis location + does it require O2?

cytoplasm; no

what is the energy input used to activate glycolysis? where does this take place

2 ATP (net is also 2 ATP); cytoplasm

in step 2 of CR (______), _____ from ____ enters the _______ and is enzymatically converted to ______

pyruvate decarboxylation; pyruvate; glycolysis; mitochondrial matrix (liquid phase); Acetyl Co-A

_____ from pyruvate decarboxylation enters the citric acid/krebs cycle

2 Acetyl Co-A

reactants + products of pyruvate decarboxylation

R: pyruvate

P: 2 acetyl co-a, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

pyruvate decarboxylation location + does it require O2?

mitochondria; yes

step 3 of CR (______) enzymatically converts ______ from the ____ into what? (3)

citric acid/krebs cycle; acetyl co-a; mitochondrial matrix (liquid phase)

1. FADH

2. NADH2

3. ATP

reactants + products of citric acid/krebs cycle

R: acetyl co-a

P: 2-4 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2

krebs cycle location + does it require O2?

mitochondrial matrix; yes

reactants + products of ETC

R: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

P: 34-36 ATP (grand total is 38 tho)

ETC location + does it require O2?

mitochondrial inner membrane; yes

what happens in the krebs cycle pic? idk

theres a substrate and enzyme that converts things many times (ex. NADH > NADH + H) bc ur trying to get ATP out of it

NADH and FADH2 are ____ molecules that carry ____ to ____ ___ in the ___ __

reduced; electrons; membrane proteins; mitochondrial cristae

LEO says GER + examples

Loss of Electrons = Oxidation

NADH to NAD / FADH2 to FAD

Gain of Electrons = Reduction

NAD to NADH / FAD TO FADH2

what makes something reduced or oxidized?

reduction: product has more bonds/electrons/energy

what oxidation/reduction reactions happen in the krebs cycle?

reduction of NAD and FAD to NADH and FADH2

step 4 of CR (_____) takes place via ____. the main purpose of this process is to:

oxidative phosphorylation; Electron Transport Chain (ETC); create a proton gradient

proteins that allow for the transfer of electrons occur where?

on the cristae of the mitochondria

cristae proteins use ___ (____) stored in ___ and ___ to pump ___ into the ____

energy (electrons); NADH; FADH2; H ions; intermembrane space

explain the electron transport chain

1. proteins I, III, IV are energized by NADH/FADH2 to pump out H+

2. outside is pos charge, inside is neg, so H tries to go inside

3. H builds up outside mitochondria then goes thru ATP synthase to enter

4. ATP synthase makes ADP + P = ATP

increased number of ___ ions outside the membrane result in an ____ ___.

these protons are forced back into intermembrane space through _____ via ____ and ___

H; electrical gradient

ATP synthase; diffusion; repulsion

reentering H ions into the intermembrane space powers the crank of ____ and forces ____ and ___ together to form ____

ATP synthase; ADP; P; ATP

how do NADH and FADH affect the ETC? idk

- protein I: NADH split to NAD + H, energy is released to pump out H

- protein III: freed electrons go here and FADH2 split to FAD, energy released to pump out H

- protein IV: freed electrons pump out another H

- extra electrons contribute to H2O

action + products in glycolysis (step 1) and pyruvate decarboxylation (step 2)

A: split sugar to make 2 pyruvate

P: 2 ATP, 2 NADH

A: make 2 acetyl co-A

P: 2 NADH, 2 CO2

action + products in kreb's cycle (step 3) and ETC (step 4)

A: acetyl co-a enters kreb's cycle

P: 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP

A: NADH2 + FADH enter ETC + are converted to ATP

P: 34 ATP

ETC makes ____ ATP, so how much does CR make altogether from 1 glucose molecule?

34; 38

NADH is produced by what processes?

the only process that produces FADH is?

glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation, krebs cycle

krebs cycle

3 different categories of o2 requirement for cells + examples

obligate aerobes: need O2 to survive

- brain cells

facultative aerobes: can survive with or without O2

- muscle cells

obligate anaerobes: cannot survive in O2

- tetanus

facultative anaerobes (/aerobes ??) can switch strategies depending on:

if O2 is present: cellular respiration

no O2: fermentation

cells that want to metabolize glucose without O2 are at a disadvantage because:

O2 is needed to accept electrons

of the 4 stages of CR, only ____ can proceed w/o oxygen.

glycolysis

fermentation allows cells to produce ATP without ___, whereas cellular respiration requires ___ to produce ATP

O2

how does anaerobic/aerobic conditions affect glycolysis?

glycolysis can produce ATP with OR without O2

- BUT, without O2, you have net 2 ATP TOTAL bc no 3 steps

fermentation consists of ____ and reactions that regenerate ____, which can be reused by ____

glycolysis; NAD

in alcohol fermentation, ____ is converted to ____ in 2 steps, with the first releasing ____.

alcohol fermentation by ____ is used in brewing, baking, winemaking

pyruvate; ethanol; CO2

yeast

alcohol vs lactic acid fermentation idk ask

alcohol: makes 2 ethanol, releases CO2

lactic acid: makes 2 lactate, no CO2

both: make 2 ATP

how do u make ethanol from yeast?

yeast + carb + NO O2 = ethanol

- ethanol is yeast's metabolic waste product

in lactic acid fermentation, ____ is reduced to ___, forming ____ as an end product with no release of _____

pyruvate; NADH; lactate; CO2

lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make:

cheese + yogurt

_____ use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when ___ is scarce.

why do ur muscles burn when u exercise?

muscle cells; O2

- lactic acid buildup bc ^^^^^

fermentation vs cellular respiration

FERMENTATION:

- organic molecule (pyruvate) as final electron acceptor

- produces less ATP

CR:

- O2 as final electron acceptor

- produces MUCH more ATP

BOTH:

- use glycolysis to oxidize glucose + other organic fuels to pyruvate

yeast and bacteria are ______, meaning that they can survive using either ____ or ___.

facultative anaerobes; fermentation; CR

how can facultative anaerobes live?

how is pyruvate affecting it?

prefer to live w/o O2, but can survive in its presence

- pyruvate is fork in metabolic road that leads to 2 diff catabolic routes (fermentation, CR)

3 diff btwn cell respiration + fermentation (slide in class)

CR:

38 ATP

aerobic (O2 required except in glycolysis)

waste - CO2, water

FERM:

2 ATP

anaerobic (O2 not required

waste - CO2, lactic acid, ethanol

photosynthesis is the process of harnessing ___ ___ and forming:

organic molecules (_____) and ____

from:

____ and ____

glucose; O2

CO2; water

what is the photosynthesis equation?

what is it in reverse?

6CO2 + 6H2O -sunlight-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cellular Respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

photosynthesis energy is stored in the bonds of _____ (4) and can be used by ____ and ___ organisms for life processes

CO2, O2, water, glucose

autotrophic; heterotrophic

how do plants absorb the materials they need to make glucose and other macros? (2)

leaves - absorb CO2 + sunlight

roots - absorb water + electrolytes

the energy in sunlight gives a plant the energy to rearrange and form ____ to make molecules like ____ (_______)

bonds; glucose; light dependent reactions

leaves are like solar panels + lungs. why?

1. solar panels that absorb light

2. lungs that convert O2 to CO2

what goes into light dependent vs light independent/calvin reactions and what comes out?

light dependent:

water + sunlight = O2

light independent/calvin

CO2 -> sugar

what energy molecules come from light dependent vs light independent /calvin reactions?

INDEPENDENT/CALVIN gives uncharged ADP and NADP+ to dependent

DEPENDENT sends charged ATP and NADPH back

when do the light-dependent and light-independent/calvin reactions take place?

DEPENDENT: day

INDEPENDENT/calvin: day AND night

2 things plants use sugar for

its own energy + structure

why does sunlight reduce molecules (ATP, NADPH) during photosynthesis?

to carry energy into light independent/calvin

_____ are the start of photosynthesis, taking place in ____

light DEPENDENT reactions; chloroplasts

granum, a stack of ____, in chloroplasts contain _____, the ___ pigment that absorbs ____ ___

thylakoids; chlorophyll; green; light energy

thylakoids and the liquid ____ is where _____ happen in the chloroplast

stroma; light-reactions

the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests that ____ and ___ light work best for photosynthesis

violet-blue; red

longest vs shortest color wavelength

highest vs lowest energy color

ROYGBIV

longest: red

highest energy: violet

what does chlorophyll's absorption spectra show?

why is this?

HIGH absorption: violet-blue + red

LOW absorption: green-yellow

- plants r mostly green bc of chlorophyll, which reflects away green-yellow light

what was Engelmann's action spectrum of photosynthesis experiment?

- exposed sections of algae filament to diff light wavelengths

- sections receiving wavelengths good for photosynthesis produced high O2

- O2 production measured by growth of aerobic bacteria; thicker bacteria = more O2

-- rate of photosynthesis highest in violet-blue, lowest in green-yellow

when a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ___ state to a ___, ___ state.

if illuminated, chlorophyll will ____, giving off ___ and heat

ground; unstable; excited

fluoresce, light

light DEPENDENT reactions' 2 photosystems + what happens

photosystem II (FIRST)

- light absorbed by chlorophyll splits water to free O2, electrons, and H

- free O2 leaves the leaves

photosystem I (LAST)

- light + electrons from PSII reduce NADP to NADPH

plants try to make ___ ___, because their movement powers ATP synthase to make ____

H ions; ATP

how do PSII and PSI work together to make ATP?

1. light comes in

2. PSII splits water into H + O2 + electrons

3. electrons energizes PQ to pull in H

4. PSI uses electrons + light to turn NAD into NADPH

5. many Hs make pos charge inside and neg outside

6. Hs leave thru ATP synthase and make ADP into ATP

- makes O2, NADPH, and ATP

in light INDEPENDENT reactions (______) ____ is absorbed by the leaves

(calvin cycle); CO2

in light INDEPENDENT reactions/calvin cycle, CO2 is converted into _____ using what?

glucose; ATP + NADPH from light DEPENDENT

the light dependent and light independent/calvin reactions are ____, and NADP and ADP go back to be ____ in the light reactions

re-energized

the energy in ATP/NADPH from LD reactions drives:

light independent/calvin reactions