small animal medical nursing

The term for a large, dilated esophagus

megaesophagus

inflammation of the stomach mucosa often caused by ingestion of spoiled

food, toxic plants, or foreign objects.

gastritis

clinical sign of feline herpes virus

corneal ulcers

Medical management of symptoms includes limited fasting, fluid therapy, dietary therapy, probiotic therapy, antiemetics, and antacids, among other measures.

GI

The weight loss, loss of muscle mass, and general debilitation that may accompany chronic disease is called

cachexia

is the study of the causation or origination of disease.

Etiology

Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa often caused by infectious agents (viral, bacterial, parasitic), dietary changes, or indiscretions, is known as

Enteritis

characterized by increased thickness of the left ventricle wall and a small ventricular lumen, and is the most common form of feline cardiomyopathy

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

is defined as deficient oxygenation of tissues.

ischemia

is excessive production of urine.

polyuria

is inflammation of the esophagus.

esophagitis

passive expulsion of food. nausea and abdominal contractions are not typically seen

regurgitation

The first step in the Veterinary Technician Practice Model is

evaluation

is the term for inflammation of the tissue under the lid margins and surrounding the visible globe

blephoritis

polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, increased appetite, and cataracts

clinical signs of diabetes in dogs

pathogenesis

the manner in which a disease develops

snoring sound from animal not able to cough up secretions from trachea or bronchi

stertor

strained, high pitch sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx

stridor

coughing up blood

hemoptysis

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

pleural effusion

shortness of breath

dyspnea

difficulty breathing when lying down

orthopnea

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

hypoxemia

disease of the heart muscle

cardiomyopathy

too much pressure in blood

systemic hypertension

excessive urea and nitrogenous substances in the blood

azotemia

vomiting blood

hematemesis

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the colon or rectum.

hematochezia

black, tarry stools (digested blood)

melenia

painful, ineffective defecation

tenesmus

central nervous system dysfunction resulting from Brain exposure of GI toxins from liver disease (elevated ammonia levels).

hepatic encephalopathy

inflammation of colon

colitis

Inflammation of liver parenchyma. usually not apparent until 75% of liver mass is lost. history of liver disease for greater than 4 to 6 weeks

canine chronic hepatitis

a type of IMHA in dogs in which an underlying cause for the massive immune response is identified and can be treated

secondary immune mediated hemolytic anemia

A type of IMHA in cats in which the immune system develops autoantibodies against components of the rbc membrane

primary immune mediated hemolytic anemia

clear liquid discharge

serous

opaque and sticky nasal discharge

mucoid

green yellow and mucoid nasal discharge

mucopurulent

inadequate oxygenation

hypoxia

bloody discharge

hemorrhagic

extrahepatic or intrahepatic vascular abnormalities that connect the systemic and portal circulations. diverts blood from the liver, which results in blood bypassing the liver partially or wholly. results in small puppies.

portosystemic shunts

term used to describe the constellation of signs indicating bladder and urethra irritation in cats

feline lower urinary tract disease

disease caused by adrenal gland atrophy or destruction resulting in inadequate secretions of glucorticoids and mineralocorticoids

hypoadrenocorticism (addison’s disease)

disease of cats caused by derangement of lipid metabolism assosiated with prolonged anorexia. characterized by accumulation of lipids or fats within the cytoplasm of greater than 80% of hepatocytes. Obese cats are predisoposed. idiopathic and secondary to environmental stressors

hepatic lipidosis

a disorder of neuromuscular transmission that causes muscle weakness

myasthenia gravis

disease that primarily affects dogs and is characterized by elevated circulating levels of cortisol production by adrenal cortex. caused by either a functional adrenal gland tumor or functional anterior pituitary tumor

hyperadrenocorticism (cushings disease)

acute disease of the bile ducts caused by an ascending bacterial infection from the small intestines and characterized by neutrophilic inflammation

acute cholangitis

decrease in intravascular fluid

hypovolemia

sneezing is most commonly associated with

upper respiratory viral infections in cats

sneezing in dogs

usually results of inhalation of foreign material

common sign of CHF in dogs

coughing

in cats, exocrine pancratic insufficiency is commonly caused by. leads to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency or DM

chronic pancreatitis

type 1 diabetes mellitus

dogs tend to develop

type 2 diabetes mellitus

cats tend to develop

more common in dogs than cats. caused by an immune system disfunction. that produces autoantibodies against the aceylcholine receptors in teh postsynaptic membrane.

acquired myasthenia gravis

one of the first signs that heart disease has progressed to heart failure

tachypnea

the most common canine cardiomyopathy. characterized primarily by extreme atrial and ventricular dilation with decreased contractility

dilated cardiomyopathy

treatment for patients suffering from regurgitation

elevate food and water bowls. keep patients head and forelimbs elevated for 10 min postmeal. changing the form of food and monitoring for signs of aspiration

premature activation of trypsin in the pancreas, affecting pancreatic tissue instead of within the duodenum

pancreatitis

vomiting, lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, and hypothermia

signs of feline pancreatitis

fluid therapy, correcting electrolyte imbalance, analgesia

management of acute hepatic encephalopathy

inflammation of the bile ducts

cholangitis

feline hyperthyroidism is either

curative or palliative

second step in veterinary technician practice model

planning

third step in veterinary technician practice model

implementation

fourth step in veterinary technician practice model

evaluation

lung auscultation, crackles, are associated with

pleural and pulmonary disease

affects the leaflets or cusps and is characterized by thickening of the tissue

degenerative atrioventricular valve disease

caused by insufficient production and secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

in dogs, EPI is caused by

pancreatic acinar atrophy

congential and typcally involve one or two vessels that connect the portal vein to the vena cava. surgical ligation of the shunt is the treatment of choice. medical HE is required immediately before and for 2 months after surgery.

extrahepatic shunts

can be congential or acquired secondary to portal hypertension and are multiple small shunts within the hepatic parenchyma. surgical ligation is not achievable. treatment relies on the medical management of Hepatic encephalopathy (HE)

intrahepatic shunts

in cats its caused by toxins. such as lily intoxication. Pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys) is the most common cause secondary to UTI. The most common cause of UTI is Escherichia coli.

Acute kidney disease

irreversible, progressive loss of functing renal tissue. cats generally live many years with CKD. Dogs with renal failure have a reduced survival time. 30% of felines over 15 y will experience CKD.

chronic kidney disease

more common in persians and inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. characterized by multiple fluid filled cysts that develop at an early age. enlargement of kidneys.

Polycystic kidney disease

familial disease of abyssinians, oriental shorthairs, and siamese. occur when protein is lost from increased permeability of the glomerular membrane due to the abnormal deposit of the amyloid protein. can occur rapidly causing renal failure in 1 year of diagnosis.

amyloidosis

kidneys are damaged where nephrons can no longer function. caused by feline infectious peritonitis, neoplasia (renal lymphosarcoma), hyperthyroidism, glomerulonephritis, and chronic tubulointerstial nephritis

acquired chronic kidney disease

appears less commonly in the cat than in the dog and is generally classfied as idiopathic. classical nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure.

glomerulonehritis

number one finding in cats with CKD (70%). occurs gradually over years

chronic tubulointerstial nephritis