geo trials

What is a megacity?

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* an extremely large, dynamic and complex urban agglomeration
* Has a continuous Pop. over 10 million and dominates trade and financial flows

How many people are expected to live in urban areas?

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* Expected that around 7/10 people will live in urban areas
* UN states 2020 there was 56.2% of the global population in urbanised areas increasing to 60.4 % in 2030

Where is urban growth projected to be?

96% of urban growth will occur in East Asia, South Asia and Africa (India, China, Nigeria)

How many people are expected to live in urban areas?

In 2030,  ⅔ people will live in an urban world

What are the REASONS for the rapid growth of megacities in the developing world? (6)

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* Transformation of rural areas
* Natural increase and rural-urban migration
* Opportunity for work within cities
* The cultural role of cities 
* National government policies 
* Industrialisation

What are some characteristics of megacities (6)

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* Over-urbanisation  
* Over-ruralisation
* Social divisions
* Cultural individuality
* Major centres of manufacturing
* Informal economies

Where are megacities mainly located?

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* Located mainly in coastal regions of south and east Asia
* Of the world’s 10 largest cities 8 are coastal 
* Easy access to trading ports for increased exports/imports
* People prefer to live closer to the water (liveability)

What are the challenges of living in megacities?

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* Access to employment
* Lack of adequate housing and shelter
* Congestion and traffic infrastructure
* Health and nutrition problems
* Inadequate sanitation and water supplies
* Air, water and noise pollution
* Rising crime and social issues
* Energy

How many people living in megacities of the developing world are employed in the informal sector

37%, this means poor employment conditions → increasing poverty

How many slum dwellers are there in Mumbai?

66%

How much has private car ownership increased in Mumbai?

18% (roughly 510 cars per kilometre of road)

What are the main health and nutrition problems in megacities caused by?

overcrowded housing, inadequate water and sewage infrastructure, air pollution, uncollected garbage, vermin, diseased domestic pets, dangerous workplaces, food contamination

What is suburbanisation?

The movement of people, facilities and industry away from the inner city to other urban areas (ie suburbs)

What is exurbanisation?

The movement of people to rural or semi-rural areas just outside the urban periphery but they still maintain an urban way of life.

What is counterurbanisation?

Movement of people away from the city. (urban -> rural migration

What is decentralisation?

The dispersal of industry and/or people from the inner city to other urban or rural areas (often through gov policy)

What is urban decay?

Where an area has fallen into disrepair or deterioration due to neglect and/or age.

What is urban renewal?

Where a decayed area goes through the process of redevelopment and rehabilitation.

What is urban consolidation?

Making better use of urban spaces and infrastructure by encouraging development and increasing population density in already urban areas.

What are urban villages?

Distinctive residential areas with a clustering of people with the same culture or interests etc forming an identifiable community.

What is spatial exclusion?

Restricting spatial access to protect luxury lifestyles

How much did France, Spain and Italy produce in 2021?

113\.7 million L of the overall 260 million L

How much does the EU set aside for viticulture in EU countries?

Yearly budget of 1061 million euros the EU dedicates to the viticulture industry

When was the Australia and China Trade war? How long is the ban going for?

2020, a 5-year ban

How much were the tariffs raised because of the A&C trade war?

212% from 4.5%

How much of Australia’s wine is exported?

60%

How much of TOW’s sales were from China?

10%

What other countries is TOW considering trading with?

Finland, Nepal, Singapore and India

Why is TOW planning on trading with these countries?

The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of wine in Asian countries is at 9% (they are expected to see an accelerated incline of future growth.)

What are some changes in consumer trends/patterns? (4)

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* Increase in demand for low/non-alcoholic wines
* More sustainable/organic wines
* Sweeter wines
* Rise in e-commerce

How much is the demand for low/non-alcoholic wines?

Growing by over 7% in 10 key global markets

How much has the consumption of organic increased in recent years?

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* 48.3% between 2021-2017
* Now accounting for 3.6% of global consumption and is expected to increase.

How much has the consumption of sweet wine increased by?

During COVID-19, it rose by 40.1% and is still increasing at an increasing rate

When did TOW change to organic?

1990s

How many of TOW is sweet?

7

How many of TOW is non-alcoholic?

5

How much has TOW’s sales increased by using Shopify for online sales?

88%

How much of TOW’s profit comes from door-to-door sales?

50%

How many visitors visit the HV? And how much income do they bring in?

2\.8 million visitors inject around $1 billion into the economy

How to assess the vulnerability of an ecosystem?

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* BELL
* Biodiversity
* Extent
* Location
* Linkages

What is ecosystem resilience?

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* how well an ecosystem can recover.
*  the ability of an ecosystem to adapt to a changing environment and to restore function and structure following an episode of natural or human-induced stress.

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A continual state of balanced change

What is ecosystem functioning?

the ability of an ecosystem to capture, store and transfer energy, nutrients and water.

What are energy flows?

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* ecosystems are systems in which incoming solar energy is captured and channelled through a hierarchy of life forms.
* Trophic levels

What is nutrient cycling?

where nutrients are retained and recycled.

What are the 3 types of nutrient cycling?

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* Phosphorus
* Nitrogen
* Carbon

What are ecosystem stresses?

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* Removal
* Replacement
* Utilisation
* Conservation

What are the environmental impacts of human activity?

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* Species introduction
* Habitat destruction
* Hunting
* Pollution

Why should we manage and protect our ecosystems?

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* HUMIN
* Heritage
* Utility
* Maintenance of biodiversity
* Intrinsic value
* Need for natural change to occur

What are the approaches to ecosystem management?

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* Preservation
* Conservation
* Utilisation
* Exploitation

How can we evaluate Minimising Human Impacts on Ecosystems?

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* ADELE
* Action
* Design
* Education
* Legislation
* Exclusion

How can we evaluate traditional and contemporary management strategies?

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* MIIP
* Maintain biological diversity
* Intragenerational equity
* Intergenerational equity
* Precautionary approach

What is the latitude and longitude of the GBR?

18\.2871° S (latitude), 147.6992° (longitude) E

What is the size of the GBR?

stretches approximately 2300 kilometres → off the east coast of Queensland, Australia

How many species are in the GBR?

Home to over 9000 species

How many species of coral is in the GBR?

over 410 species of hard coral

How many species of fish are there in the GBR?

over 1,620 species of fish

What is symbiosis?

Any type of close and long-term biological interaction between two biological organisms of different species

What types of symbiotic relationships are there?

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* Mutualistic (zooxanthellae and coral)
* Parasitic (remoras and sharks) 
* Commensalism (sea anemones and clownfish)

What is the projected increase in sea levels of the GBR?

There is an expected increase in the sea levels of the GBR from its current 0.68m to a predicted 0.9m by 2100.

How long does it take an ecosystem to recover after the COTs infest it?

Coral reefs take 12 to 15 years to reach pre-infestation levels

How many mass coral bleachings have there been in the last 25 years?

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* 4
* in 1998, 2002, 2006 and most recently 2016 were caused by unusually warm sea surface temperatures during the summer season.

How many people illegally fish on the GBR?

In the 2021-2022 financial year, 634 illegal fishing offences were reported on the GBR

How much phosphorus and nitrogen comes from river discharge?

40% of the nitrogen and 55% of the phosphorus input comes from river discharge

How much has the biodiversity in the coral reef declined?

Abundance in coral reefs has decreased by 50%

What is the rate of change in the GBR?

Decreasing at an increasing rate at around 1-2% per year (rapid rate)

How many traditional owners of the GBR are there?

Approximately 70 Traditional Owner groups whose sea country includes the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

How much does the GBR contribute to the economy? And how many jobs does it provide?

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* $6.4 billion each year
* around 64,000 full-time jobs

When was the GBR established as a World Heritage site?

1981

How have humans damaged the GBR? (7)

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* Over/ Illegal fishing 
* Tourism
* Anthropogenic Climate Change
* Mining
* Coastal development 
* Shipping
* Oil Spills

When were the 2 oil spills in the GBR?

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* 2010 Great Barrier Reef oil spill
* July 2015 oil spill

How do oil spills affect the GBR?

Once oil comes into contact with corals, it can kill them or impede their reproduction, growth, behaviour, and development.

How did the 2010 oil spill affect the GBR?

spilt four tonnes of heavy fuel oil and left a three-kilometre-long grounding scar across the reef. This area is expected to take decades to recover.

How did the 2015 oil spill affect the GBR?

spilled up to 15 tonnes of oil in reef waters off Cape Upstart in July 2015, which washed up on mainland beaches and islands north of Townsville and triggered a response costing $1.5m.

How has coastal development affected the GBR? (and its rate of change)

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* There are 72 coastal urban centres (i.e. populations greater than 200) directly adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef coast, with four centres of populations greater than 50 000.
* Human population increases within the Great Barrier Reef catchment are projected to be nearly 2% per annum
* there have been variously estimated that 70-90%of coastal wetlands have been lost and many vegetation types on the remaining dune systems are now rated as ‘of concern’ or ‘endangered.’
* There is expected to be a 40 per cent increase in the population living in the Great Barrier Reef catchment by 2026.

How has Anthropogenic Climate Change impacted the GBR?

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* In 2016 and 2017 the Great Barrier Reef experienced unprecedented back-to-back mass bleaching events, driven by marine heatwaves.
* Average coral cover in the northern section of the reef is now at its lowest point on record, and coral cover in the central section of the reef declined from 22% in 2016 to 14% in 2018, largely due to the 2017 bleaching event.
*  The resulting change in the composition of coral reefs may be irreversible. 
* The average return period of global mass bleaching events has decreased by 4.6-fold since the 1980s and is now around six years.
* Corals are at risk of bleaching when sea surface temperatures reach 1 to 1.5°C above the seasonal maximum mean temperature.
* From the 1925–1954 period to the 1987–2016 period, the global average frequency of marine heatwaves increased by 34 per cent and the global average duration increased by 17 per cent.

How has fishing impacted the GBR?

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* In the 2021-2022 financial year, 634 illegal fishing offences were reported on the GBR
* Mostly in protected green zones, by recreational fishers (538 times) and commercial fishers (96 times)
* approximately 67 per cent of the Marine Park available for various types of fishing.
* Commercial line fishing Coral trout makes up 40-45 per cent of the commercial harvest of about 4400 tonnes of fish.

How much money does the GBR own from commercial fishing?

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* The total value revenue from all commercial fishing (including aquaculture) in the World Heritage Area in 2010-117 is estimated to be around $193 million
* Provides jobs for 975 for people