Unit 4 Urogenital

ac- acro-

extreme or extremity

adren-

toward the kidney

ante-

preceding before

chrom-

colored

cort-

bark

dialys-

separate or break apart

diure-

urinate

edem-

swelling

eu-

well

fenestr-

window

iso-

equal or same

lacun-

space cavity or lake

lith-

stone

medull-

marrow

mictur-

urinate

natri-

sodium

nephro-

kidney

papill-

nipple

pelv-

a basin

post-

after or behind

pod-

foot

pre- pro-

before or ahead of

ren-

kidney

therm-

heat

tox-

poison

-able

able to capable of

-emia

condition of the blood

-gram

data that are systematically recorded or a record

-phasia

speech

-scope

instrument used for examination

-uria

urine

-stitia

come to stand

-rrhea

flow or discharge

-phylax

guard or preserve

-nata

birth

-iatrics

medical specialty

-bryo

swollen

zyg-

a yoke or twin

vagin-

a sheath

tunic-

covering

telo-

the end

semen

seed or sperm

pub-

of the pubis

ov- ovi-

egg

meio-

less

mamm-

breast

hetero-

different or other

gon- gono-

seed or offspring

gero- geront-

old man

germin-

grow

gam- gamet-

married or spouse

ejac-

to shoot forth

ectop-

displaced

dors-

the back

cyst-

sac or bladder

crypt-

hidden

corp-

body

corona

crown

circum-

around

cervic- cervix

neck

areola-

open space

alb-

white

agon-

contest

Acidosis

State of abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid

Alkalosis

State of abnormally low hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid.

Gallstones (biliary calculi)

Crystallized cholesterol that obstructs the flow of bile from the gallbladder.

Chemical Buffer

Chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions.

Dehydration

Condition of excessive water loss.

Diuretics

Chemicals that enhance urinary output.

Edema

Abnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid; causes swelling.

Electrolyte

Chemical substances, such as salts, acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current.

Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

Cells of the distal part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop and afferent arteriole located close to the glomerulus; involved in blood pressure regulation (via release of the hormone renin) and autoregulation of GFR.

Ketosis

Excess levels of ketone bodies in blood. Called ketoacidosis if blood pH is low.

Metabolic water (water of oxidation)

Water produced from cellular metabolism (about 10% of our body’s water).

micturition

Urination, or voiding; emptying the bladder.

Nephron

Structural and functional unit of the kidney; consists of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule.

Specific gravity

Term used to compare the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water.

urochrome

pigments that results when the body destroys hemoglobin

Albuminuria

is a sign of kidney disease and means that you have too much albumin in your urine.

Glycosuria

is a term that defines the presence of reducing sugars in the urine, such as glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, etc

hematuria

blood in the urine

nonelectrolyte

is a compound that does not conduct an electric current in either aqueous solution or in the molten state

obligatory water losses

as those that occur at a constant rate irrespective of the body's state of hydration.

pyuria

the presence of pus in the urine, typically from bacterial infection.

Chiasmata

specialized chromatin structures that link homologous chromosomes together until anaphase I

diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. a diploid cell, organism, or species.

erection

a hardening of the penis that occurs when sponge

Gonad

Primary reproductive organ; i.e., the testis of the male or the ovary of the female.

haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

Meiosis

Nuclear division process that reduces the chromosomal number by half and results in the formation of four haploid (n) cells; occurs only in certain cells of the reproductive organs.

menstrual cycle

is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible

Ovulation

Ejection of an oocyte (immature egg) from the ovary.

Seminalplasmin

a protein isolated from the seminal plasma of bull is exceptional in that it influences many of the above spermatozoal functions.

What are the structural adaptations on a nephron for urine formation?

The proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, the glomerulus, ascending and descending tubules, efferent and afferent arterioles, and the collecting duct

What is the blood supply to the kidneys?

Aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus capillaries, Efferent arteriole

How does the kidney control blood pH levels

by altering the amounts of H+ and HCO3 in urine

What do the kidneys excrete?

k+, H+, NH4+, creatine, organic acids and bases, and bicarbonate ions

What does H+ do to the body's pH?

increased H+ makes the body more acidic

How does the body conserve bicarbonate?

If the body'd ph is too alkaline the body will eliminate the ions, if the body is too acidic the body will increase the ions

How does diet affect urine production?

it can cause urine to be more acidic or more alkaline, a high protein diet will be acidic and a vegetarian will be alkaline