The Endocrine System and homeostasis 2024 - Trainor Bio 30 IB S2025

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33 Terms

1
Thyroid
An endocrine gland that produces hormones regulating metabolism, including thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
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2
Adrenal Glands
Glands located on top of the kidneys that release hormones such as cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
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3
Insulin
A hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose.
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4
Glucagon
A hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose.
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5
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that raises blood calcium levels by breaking down bone and increasing calcium absorption.
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6
Calcitonin
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by facilitating calcium uptake into bones.
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7
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration.
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8
Epinephrine
A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that increases heart rate, blood flow, and metabolism in response to stress.
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9
Aldosterone
A mineralocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium absorption in the kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and pressure.
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10
Melatonin
A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.
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11
Negative Feedback Loop
A process that counteracts change by reducing the output of a system, thus maintaining homeostasis.
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12
Type 1 Diabetes
An autoimmune condition where the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
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13
Type 2 Diabetes
A condition where the body's cells become resistant to insulin, often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors.
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14
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.
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15
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
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16
Leptin
A hormone secreted by adipose tissue that inhibits appetite by signaling 'fullness' to the hypothalamus.
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17
Hypothalamus
A region of the brain that regulates hormone secretion from the pituitary gland and maintains homeostasis.
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18
Feedback Mechanism
A biological process that regulates the output of a system in response to its current state.
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19
Hormone Receptor
A protein on the surface or inside a cell that binds to a specific hormone to elicit a physiological response.
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20
Pancreas
An organ that has both exocrine and endocrine functions, secreting digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon.
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21
Circadian Rhythm
The biological clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other physiological processes on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
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22

Homeostasis

The process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing conditions.

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23

Thyroid Hormones

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), that regulate metabolism.

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24

Cortisol

A glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate metabolism and immune response.

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25

Somatostatin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that inhibits the release of other hormones, including insulin and glucagon.

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26

Glycogen

A stored form of glucose primarily found in the liver and muscles, utilized for energy when needed.

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27

Pituitary Gland

The master gland of the endocrine system that regulates other glands and produces hormones such as growth hormone and TSH.

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28

Adrenal Medulla

The inner part of the adrenal glands which produces catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.

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29

Insulin Resistance

A condition in which cells in the body become less responsive to insulin, often leading to Type 2 Diabetes.

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30

Oxytocin

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

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31

Diabetes Mellitus

A group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insulin production or action issues.

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32

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

Hormones that can pass through cell membranes easily and often bind to intracellular receptors, examples include steroid hormones.

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33

Water-Soluble Hormones

Hormones that cannot easily cross cell membranes and typically bind to receptors on the cell surface, examples include peptide hormones.

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