BIOL 1021 Lab Final

what caffeine and ethanol did to the heart rate of Daphnia

caffeine - increased heart rate, ethanol- decreased heart rate

heart

knurled ring

eyepieces

objective

focusing knob

illuminator

illuminator switch

stage

base

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

dependent variable

a variable whose value depends on that of another

mean

average

median

middle number

mode

the most frequently occurring

range

the difference between the highest and lowest

Benedicts test

testing for reducing sugars - stays clear blue

iodine test

testing for starch - turns green/brown

Biuret test

test for proteins - turns bright purple

brown paper test

test for lipids - leaves translucent spot

hydroxyl

OH-

carboxyl

COOH

amino

NH2

phosphate

PO4 3-

carbonyl

C=O

methyl

CH3

kilo

10^3 (1000)

base unit

10^0 (1)

deci

10^-1 (0.1)

centi

10^-2 (0.01)

milli

10^-3 (0.001)

micro

10^-6 (0.000001)

nano

10^-9 (0.000000001)

Celsius to Fahrenheit

F= 1.8 (C) +32

Fahrenheit to Celsius

C=(F-32)/1.8

compound scope magnification equation

eyepiece lens mag x objective lens mag

how to estimate length of an object by using the value for diameter of field on a compound scope.

multiply the diameter by one-tenth

r - rods, s - spirilla/spirillum, c - cocci/coccus

Anabaena

Tetrahymena

v=food vacuole, p=pseudopod

Spirogyra

Volvox

Elodea

squamous epithelia

nerve cells from brain

skeletal muscle

sperm, Note flagellum (f) and area of nucleus (n)

ed blood cells(black arrow), neutrophil (red arrow), and lymphocyte(yellow arrow)

Ovary tissue. Note follicle (f), cavity of follicle (c), and eggcell (arrow)fc

Ciliated epithelium

how temperature and molecular weight affect the rate of diffusion

higher temperatures increase the rate of diffusion, while higher molecular weight decreases the rate of diffusion

osmosis

diffusion of water

diffusion

movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

a bag containing a solution with a higher solute concentration (hypertonic)

will gain mass due to osmosis, as water moves from the hypotonic solution into the bag

a bag with a lower solute concentration (hypotonic)

will lose mass to the surrounding hypertonic solution

salt solution plasmolyzed Elodea

salt creates a hypertonic environment, causing water to move out of the cells

enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

when testing potato extract

enzyme is catalase, the substrate is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the products are water (H2O) and oxygen (O2)

changing temperature when testing potato extract

increasing temperature generally increases enzyme activity until a certain point where extreme heat causes the enzyme to denature and lose its function

changing pH when testing potato extract

changing the pH away from the optimal range (around neutral) will significantly decrease enzyme activity due to disruption of the enzyme's protein structure and its ability to bind to the substrate

measuring CO2 production relates to respiration and fermentation in yeast

produces carbon dioxide and ethanol as byproducts

measuring CO2 production relates to respiration and fermentation in germinating beans

undergo cellular respiration, using oxygen to break down sugars and produce energy, with CO2 as a waste product

measuring CO2 production relates to respiration and fermentation in crickets

crickets produce CO2 through cellular respiration during their normal metabolic activities

aerobic respiration

respiration that requires oxygen

fermentation

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

heat of respiration represents

energy released as a byproduct of the cellular respiration process

when bromothymol blue experiment yields green

some CO2 is present

when bromothymol blue experiment yeilds yellow

has been in the dark - lots of CO2 is present

chromatography

technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material

pigments in chromatography

have color based on what wavelength they do not absorb well

top to bottom: carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b

what fluorescence is and what causes it

the emission of light by a material after it absorbs radiation, usually ultraviolet light, brought about by absorption of photons in the singlet ground state promoted to a singlet excited state

what color is least useful for photosynthesis

green

reflected light

light that is thrown back or bounced off an object

absorbed light

light that enters but does not leave an object

where starch is stored

stored in plant leaves within the chloroplast

how light vs. dark affects starch storage

light - Photosynthesis occurs and more starch is produced, dark - Photosynthesis does not occur and less starch is produced

how measuring O2 levels relates to photosynthesis

more O2, the faster the rate of photosynthesis

mitosis

meiosis

interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

prophase

chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

prometaphase

nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

metaphase

chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

anaphase

chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

telophase and cytokinesis

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

homozygous dominant

both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA)

homozygous recessive

both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa)

heterozygous

organism that has two different alleles for a trait

allele

different forms of a gene

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

how to predict genotypic and phenotypic ratios for "monohybrid" crosses

use a Punnett square by identifying the genotypes of the parents, then filling in the square to see all possible combinations of alleles for the offspring

how to work backwards to determine the likely genotypes of parents

use a Punnett square by analyzing the known phenotypes of their offspring, considering the dominant and recessive traits involved, and then filling in the squares to find the most probable parental genotypes that would produce those offspring

how to predict phenotypic ratios for "dihybrid" crosses

use a Punnett square and expect a 9:3:3:1 ratio

how to work backwards to determine the likely genotypes of parent

use a Punnett square by analyzing the known phenotypes of the offspring, considering the dominant and recessive traits, and then filling in the squares to find the possible parental genotypes that would produce those offspring

X-linked (sex-linked) trait

gene is contained within the X or Y chromosome