innane immune system

2 differentiations of blood stem cells

lymphoid & myeloid

what cells are considered lymphocytes

NK cells, B/T cells

are all lymphocytes part of adaptive immune system?

NO NK are innane

which are considered granulocytes

eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, mast cells

which are phagocytes

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

when does a monocyte become a macrophage?

monocyte is when it is circulating in the blood (only 1-2 days)

once moves to tissue and differentiates become macrophages or dendritic cells

main difference between adaptive and innane immune system

strategy of pathogen recognition

recognition by innate immune is by

recognizing PAMPs on microbes with TLRs

TLR4 recognizes

LPS

chemical defenses

low pH, reactive oxygen species, sebaceous oils

AMPs

defensins & cathelicidins (cations) - form pores in microbial membranes

used as therapeutics

mannose-binding lectin

coats mannose rich surface of yeasts & bacteria

is second pathway of complement proteins

c-reactive protein

binds to phosphocholine in bacterial/fungal membranes

iron-binding proteins

iron is major limiting nutrient so these proteins tightly bind it to make it harder for bacteria to acquire

lactoferrin has antimicrobial activity

complement system

inflammation, opsonization, MAC

MAC is most effective to what type of bacteria

gram negative

which complement proteins promote inflammation and attract neutrophils/other phagocytes

C3a, C4a, C5a

which pathway of complement relies on antibody recognition

classical

which complement pathway recognizes LTA or LPS of bacteria

Alternative

which pathway recognizes mannose-binding lectin (MBL)?

lectin pathway

C3b coating increases phagocytosis chances and receptor of ___ recognizes it.

this receptor is found on a phagocyte and deficiency can occur in recurrent infections

CR3

4 ways opsonization occurs

complement factor C3b

antibody

MBL

C-reactive protein

dendritic cells

main purpose is to present antigens to t-cells

neutrophils

first responders - PMN is an easy identifier (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

phagocytic & produce NETs as a suicidal way of protecting the body and clearing a large are of infection

chase down microbes in bloodstream

granulocytes

secrete granules containing AMPs & chemicals that kill microorganisms

mast cells

granules contain histamine (major mediator of allergic responses)

degranulation

secretion of granules which stimulate the response

ex: itchy rash or sneezing to allergies

Eosinophil

attack parasitic worms that are too big for phagocytosis by secreting a toxic protein

protein degranulates from cell by being triggered by antibodies/complement

Natural Killer cells

attack infected host cells by releasing perforin (create pore) & granzymes (apoptosis)

cytomegalovirus produce a copycat MHC 1 peptide to trick NK so how does NK bypass this?

ADCC - antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

the NK have Fc receptors which can bind the antibodies surrounding a virus-infected cell

extravasation

movement of neutrophils out of circulatory system and into tissue where damage/infection is present

stimulated by pro-inflam. cytokines (tnf-alpha and IL-1)