DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH

What are the three types of aggression identified in developmental psychology?

Physical, verbal, and relational aggression.

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex is biological, while gender refers to societal roles, behaviors, and identities.

At what age do children typically begin to understand gender-related words?

Around ages 3-4.

How does empathy contribute to moral development?

Empathy encourages prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing, leading to emotional understanding and moral reasoning.

What is the primary difference between abuse and neglect?

Abuse involves intentional harm or injury, whereas neglect is the failure to provide for a child's basic needs.

What are the types of maltreatment?

Physical, emotional, and sexual abuse or neglect.

What is the 5:1 ratio of maltreatment?

For every five cases of neglect, there is one case of abuse.

What are some long-term consequences of maltreatment?

Issues like anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.

What is resilience in the context of child development?

The ability to overcome adversity, often supported by positive relationships and coping mechanisms.

What are some health problems associated with obesity?

Heart disease, diabetes, and psychological issues.

What treatments are available for obesity?

Diet, exercise, behavioral changes, and sometimes medication.

How is intelligence commonly measured?

Through IQ tests, academic performance, and achievement tests.

Who proposed the multiple intelligences theory?

Howard Gardner.

What does the Flynn Effect suggest?

An observed rise in IQ scores over the last century due to environmental influences.

What is the BMI threshold for obesity?

A BMI above 30.

What distinguishes ADHD from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

ADHD involves attention and hyperactivity issues, while ASD affects social communication and behavior.

What are some examples of learning disabilities?

Dyslexia, dyscalculia, and general learning disabilities.

What is the significance of the self-concept during middle childhood?

Children begin to see themselves as individuals with strengths and weaknesses, and develop awareness of how they are perceived by others.

What is the impact of parenting style on self-esteem?

Parenting style greatly influences how children develop self-esteem and self-concept.

What role do friendships play in a child's well-being?

Friendships provide social support and influence self-esteem.

What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

They describe the evolution of moral reasoning, which has faced criticism for bias.

What is the age range for adolescence?

Typically from ages 12-18.

What was G. Stanley Hall's perspective on adolescence?

He viewed it as a period of storm and stress.

What is the formal operational stage according to Piaget?

A stage where adolescents develop abstract thinking and problem-solving abilities.

What is a significant feature of brain development during adolescence?

The maturation of the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for decision-making and emotional regulation.

What are the three main types of eating disorders?

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.

How can technology influence adolescents?

Technology, especially social media, can impact behavior, identity, and relationships both positively and negatively.

How does understanding the difference between sex and gender contribute to a child’s social development?

It helps children navigate gender roles, impacting their behavior and self-concept.

In what ways does empathy influence moral development during childhood?

Empathy leads children to make moral decisions and develop an understanding of right and wrong.

How might a child’s exposure to abuse or neglect affect their psychological development in the long term?

It can impact emotional regulation, social skills, and self-esteem.

What are the key differences between abuse and neglect?

Abuse involves harmful acts, while neglect refers to a failure to provide necessary care; distinguishing them is crucial for intervention.

How do resilient children develop the ability to cope with stress and adversity?

Resilience is fostered by family support, community involvement, and individual temperament.

Why is obesity a major health concern in childhood?

Obesity impacts physical and mental health, with long-term consequences including increased risk of chronic diseases.

How do intelligence and achievement relate to each other?

They are interconnected; intelligence is often assessed through IQ tests, while academic achievement can indicate cognitive ability.

What are the implications of the Flynn Effect on the understanding of intelligence?

It suggests that environmental factors, rather than genetic ones, significantly influence cognitive development over time.

How do multiple intelligences theory and traditional intelligence models differ?

Multiple intelligences propose diverse ways of understanding intelligence beyond just IQ, unlike traditional models that focus on a single factor.

What are the causes of ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder, and how do these disorders affect development?

Causes may be genetic or environmental; they can impact cognitive, academic, and social functioning.

How does Erikson’s industry vs. inferiority stage shape a child’s sense of competence?

Success or failure in this stage influences a child's self-esteem and motivation to learn.

How does parenting influence a child's self-concept during middle childhood?

Parenting styles affect confidence and identity, with authoritative styles promoting healthier self-concepts.

What role does family function play in child development?

The quality of family relationships is crucial for emotional and social outcomes, often more than family structure.

How can experiencing family conflict influence a child's emotional development?

Divorce may have long-term effects on self-esteem and future conflict resolution.

What are the impacts of peer acceptance on a child’s social development?

Peer acceptance shapes self-esteem, social skills, and identity formation.

How do changes in brain development during adolescence influence emotional regulation?

Maturation of the prefrontal cortex aids in managing emotions and decision-making.

Why is adolescence a critical period for identity formation?

Navigating Erikson's identity vs. role confusion stage influences future identity development.

What cognitive changes occur during Piaget’s formal operational stage?

Adolescents develop the ability to think abstractly, enhancing problem-solving and moral reasoning.

What are the psychological effects of sleep deprivation on adolescents?

It affects mood, cognitive function, and overall health, becoming a growing concern.

How do eating disorders affect adolescents’ health?

Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia have serious physical and psychological health implications.

What is the role of technology in shaping adolescent relationships?

Technology can both positively and negatively influence identity formation, peer relationships, and academic performance.

How do biological, cognitive, and psychosocial factors interact in child development?

These factors collectively shape a child's growth, abilities, and social experiences.

What critical factors contribute to resilience in children and adolescents?

A mix of individual traits and external support systems help them overcome challenges.