The Cold War EA2

Rivalry, Mistrust, Accord, Crises, Key Leaders

What contributed to cold war rivalry?

Grand Alliance (USSR, UK, US)

Emergence of Superpower Rivalry in Europe

Emergence of Superpower Rivalry in Asia

Why and how was the Grand Alliance created?

served as global statement

largest countries in WWII wanted Axis powers defeated

Atlantic Charter: not seeking territory, no forced govs, international peace & cooperation, free oceans, abandon use of force

How did the Grand Alliance start breaking down?

Stalin paranoid UK & US were waiting to help on the E. front on purpose to cause greater loss of Soviet soldiers

USSR wanted E. EU. countries back in their control, using as bargaining chips for W. front

Casablanca, Cairo, Tehran conferences

Casablanca Conference

Cairo Conference

Tehran Conference

How did the superpowers rivalries in europe and asia emerge?

ideology, frear & aggression, differing economic interests

How did the ideology contribute to the Superpower rivalry in europe

Democratic capitalism (US) vs. Communist One-Party (USSR)

• US & UK had very different objectives and ideas for how they wanted the world to be → post-war rivalry

USSR wanted spread of communism while US wanted to contain it: USSR wanted German punishment → severe

Stalin doesn’t respect Atlee and Truman (new leaders after Churchill and FDR)

Long Telegram

How did fear & aggression contribute to the Superpower rivalry in europe

coups taking place

Russia trying to get as much control as possible after WWII

atomic bomb=elephant in the room (Tehran conference)

• Truman not coming out to talk about it → stalin paranoid if it was going to be used against USSR

• US atomic bomb → arms race → more tensions

Iron Curtain

Truman Doctrine

Czechoslovakian Coup

How did economic interests contribute to the Superpower rivalry in europe

Splitting Eu between Brit. & USSR

• E. Eu. → stalin

• ½ yugoslavia → stalin; other ½ yugoslavia → brit

• Greece → Brit

USSR wants all of Poland, UK & US wants to allow them free-elections

• USSR promises “free” elections → US & UK doesn’t trust

• USSR doesn’t care about France

Marshall Plan

COMECON

Berlin Blockade

How did the ideology contribute to the Superpower rivalry in asia

Cairo: post-war decisions in Asia

• didn’t invite Mao because anti-communist

Korea

• US and USSR both took ½ of Korea

• split between communism and democracy

Taiwan

• Mao against US support of Taiwan

• 1st and 2nd taiwan strait crises

Destalinization speech

Soviet-proposed collaboration

USSR/PRC 1958 meeting

Mao did not respect Khrushev

Great Leap Forward → Khru doesn’t respect Mao anymore, saw his poor leadership

How did fear & aggression contribute to the Superpower rivalry in asia

First Taiwan Strait Crisis

• Khru threatens Mao to stand down

Second Taiwan Strait Crisis

• US backed down

USSR ends funding over China

• trying to exert power over China

How did economic interests contribute to the Superpower rivalry in asia

US aiding S. Korea, helping to rebuild

China needed/wanted Taiwan

What was the Long Telegram?

8 000 word long explanation of Soviet foreign policy and actions internationally

brought forth idea of communism and capitalism

US responded by releasing democratic propaganda to try sway vulnerable countries away from communism

What is the Iron Curtain?

Churchill Speech in US

attacked Soviet’s exertion of will over E. Eur., divided between freedom and totalarism

public speech → content immediately known throughout world → Cold War (Stalin makes claims of his own)

What did the Truman Doctrine do?

statement on stance towards communist ideology and expansionism (by USA)

• USA would aid Greece & Turkey economically and militarily to prevent spread of communism; undermining USSR attempts

What was the Czechoslovakian coup?

backed by Soviets, Czech. communists overthrow gov.

non-communists resigned, hoping to encourage new elections → communists threatened military action if elections took place (used Red Army as a threat)

What is the Marshall Plan

economic aid to all european countries to rebuild after WWII

Soviets refused & pressured other E european countries to do so

USA would continue its presence in Europe, halting Stalin’s plans

What is COMECON?

Soviet response to Marshall plan

soviet economic program to provide economic stability to E. European countries

• created mutually beneficial economy between countries involved; policies dictated by USSR

What was the Berlin Blockade?

June 48

• Stalin moves to gain control of Berlin → cuts road, rail, canal links w/ W. Berlin

• Stalin hopes to starve E. Germany into submission (also knew there would be no military response from foreign powers)

Stalin says W. powers violated agreements made at Yalta & Potsdam

What was the 1st Taiwan strait crisis?

During Korean War → Quemoy & Matsu protected by US, declared neutral → Eisenhower elected to remove ships and hand over control to nationalists to relax Cold War tensions and stay out of Asia

US policy makers considering defense treaty w/ ROC

Mao counters nationalists w/ bombings of Quemoy & Matsu → mutual defense treaty signed

Khru saw himself as protector of communist world → tried to reason with Mao, made clear they wouldn’t go to war over China → China backs down

• Mao wanted to assert dominance in region

• Creation of SEATO → “aggression” seen by Mao through implied goal of stopping communism

• nationalists trying to assert control over same region

What was the 2nd taiwan strait crisis?

Mao believed Taiwan was a domestic issue

bombing Quemoy, Matsu again → felt he could take more gambles → tried to see what US & USSR would do

Treaty of Fermosa: US aid would be political (not military, goal of de-escalation)

Brinkmanship!

How did the first taiwan strait crisis impact Sino-Soviet relations?

made mao see khru’s stance as wrong since they went on the side of the US

revealed difference in personality of Mao and Khru

• cutthroat vs diplomatic

how did the second taiwan strait crisis impact sino-soviet relations?

USSR recognized US involvement → turns it into a international affair

Fear of nuclear war → Khru forced to show solidarity w/ Mao & issues warning to US

Mao trying to get USSR and US to back down

Mao’s success → get US to backdown, and agreed to treaty, get rid of block for Taiwan

How were the roles of the US and USSR in the emergence of superpower rivalries similar?

both were making public addresses or statements; trash-talking the opposing side

aiding opposing sides in proxy wars

participated in arms race → money, research, development

What contributed to the mistrust during the Cold War?

USSR-PRC relations (1947-1979) → Sino-Soviet Split

US-PRC relations (1947-1979)

US-USSR relations (1947-1979)

Events showing USSR-PRC relations

New leadership (1953)

• Mao did not respect Khru

USSR/PRC meeting after 1st Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954)

• turning point of tension for Khru & Mao

• Mao felt Khru wasn’t making right decisions

Soviet proposed collaboration w/ PRC (1957)

• construct long-wave radio transmission center (USSR pays for 70%)

• Soviet suggest China buys more submarines and joint flotilla

• Mao saw as attempt to keep China in disadvantaged pos.

USSR/PRC meeting (1958)

• 4 day meeting to smooth collaboration over

• Mao not pacified → made decision to start bombing quemoy & matsu again but didn’t tell Khru (led to 2nd taiwan strait crisis)

• Mao felt soviets enroached on their sovreignty & Khru alarmed at Mao’s indifference to conflict

Soviets w/draw from Cambodia & Afghanistan

• signed trade agreements, restored diplomatic relations

Events showing US-PRC relations

Korean War → US protecting Quemoy & Matsu (declared neutral)

• going to give control to nationalists → Mao bombs trying to assert power in region, bombs again 4 years later

SEATO → Mao sees US as aggressor trying to stop communism

1st taiwan strait crisis → Mao backs down, angry

2nd taiwan strait crisis → Treaty of Fermosa

Border Clash with India

Vietnam War

• USA & China supported opposing sides of Viet. → adversaries

• influenced China’s publics’ opinion on US → hateful & vengeful

A LOT OF BRINKMANSHIP!!!!!!! (esp with taiwan strait crises)

What is the Treaty of Fermosa?

Events showing US-USSR relations

USSR/US Meeting (1959)

• USSR visits US after Indian crisis → Mao mad

• Made mao believe Khru was soft

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

• Cuba caught US pilot spying on USSR

• USSR realizes they need nuclear warfare just incase US can get Cuba (right next to US, good spot)

• Fidel Castro comes to power

• USSR angered but realizes US power

What happened during the border clash with India and China? how did that affect USSR-PRC relations?

China dealing with Tibet revolution and Indian gov. was allowing refugees in

USSR didn’t help because they didn’t want China to defeat India because they were important for USSR → Mao mad

What contributed to accord during the Cold War?

Detente

Arms Race

What caused detente during the Cold War and when were those periods of time?

1. Geneva Summit (1955): set stage for future negotiations

2. Partial nucelar test ban treaty(1963): banned in atmosphere, outerspace, underwater; eased tensions after Cuban Missile Crisis

3. SALT I (1972): limit # of ICBM & SLBM

4. Helsinki Accords (1975): 35 nations signed, improved relations between E. and W. blocs, human rights, economic co-op

5. SALT II (1979): furthered arms control agreements → limit # nuclear weaponries in superpowers armory

6. Gorbachev reforms

7. START I (1991): reduced further # of nuclear warheads held by US and USSR

Reasons for the End of Cold War

Nixon Doctrine

Shanghai Communique: One China

Gorbachev rule & reforms → fall of USSR; weakness of USSR exposed

Dong Xiaoping

what is the nixon doctrine?

wouldn’t aid countries who had risks of falling to communism anymore; they are responsible for themselves, not the US

ticket out of the Vietnam War

What was the Shanghai Communique and how did this influence the “One China”?

normalized relations between US and PRC post-Vietnam war

improved trade between US and USSR

US moves towards “One China” (recognizing PRC as China, not ROC as much anymore)

• PRC gets a seat on the UN security council

What were Gorbachev’s reforms like?

Perestroika

Glasnost

ending Afghan war because needed to cut costs

• put money towards soviet states

what is perestroika?

How did Gorbachev’s reforms lead to the fall of the USSR?

inherited Brezhnev’s failing country

• 50 000 soviet leaders held all power, living good while the rest of the country living very poorly (big wealth gap)

• period of stagnation: low industrial growth, low employment, tech gap between US and USSR; USSR stuck in the 70s for 20 years!

• low standard of living

• alcoholism

Brezhnev came into power and tried fixing problems too little too late