A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions
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Alliteration
Repetition of initial consonant sounds
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allusion
a direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known
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ambiguity
The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
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analogy
A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way
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anaphora
the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses
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4 sentence structures
simple, compound, complex, compound-complex
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antithesis
The juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, grammatical structure, or ideas.
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aphorism
A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle
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Asyndeton
omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words
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clause
A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.
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colloquial
The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing
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conceit
A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.
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concession
Something given up or yielded
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Connotation
a word that correlates with emotions
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denotation
The dictionary definition of a word
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Academic Tone
The language that is appropriate for the academic setting and that should be used in AP Lang at all times
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didactic
intended to teach
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dogmatism
arrogant assertion of opinions as truths
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euphemism
soft language used to lessen a harsher reality
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figure of speech
a device used to produce figurative language
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homily
a sermon
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hyperbole
an extreme exaggeration used to make a point
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imagery
Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) - must be coupled with an adjective in order to use in analytical writing!
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invective
An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.
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irony
A contrast between the logical/expected outcome and reality / A contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The intended meaning is often the opposite of what is stated, often suggesting light sarcasm.
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litotes
A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite
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metaphor
A comparison without using like or as
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Onomatopoeia
A word that imitates the sound it represents.
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oxymoron
a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to describe or modify
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paradox
A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.
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parallelism/parallel structure
similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses
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parody
A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.
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pedantic
tending to show off one's learning
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personification
A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.
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point of view
the perspective from which a story is told
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polysyndeton
the repetition of close conjunctions in succession
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process analysis
A method of paragraph or essay development by which a writer explains step by step how something is done or how to do something.
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prose
one of the major divisions of genre
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refute
to disprove; to successfully argue against
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repitition
Repeating a word, phrase, or idea for emphasis or rhythmic effect
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rhetoric
the art of using language effectively and persuasively
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sarcasm
the use of irony to mock or convey contempt.
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satire
a work that targets human vices and follies
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subordinate clause
Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.
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syllogism
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
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symbol
the use of a person, place, thing, event or pattern that figuratively represents something else - often an abstract concept or idea.
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syntax
Sentence structure - YOU MUST FIND A PATTERN IN ORDER TO USE THIS DEVICE IN ANALYTICAL WRITING!
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theme
Central idea of a work of literature
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thesis
a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.
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tone
Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character
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transition
a word or phrase that links different ideas
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Understatement
the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.
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wit
intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights
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zeugma
a grammatically correct construction in which a word, usually a verb or adjective, is applied to two or more nouns without being repeated.
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Apostrophe
an address or invocation to something inanimate
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The central appeals of Aristotelian argumentation
Ethos, Pathos, Logos
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Assonance
the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds in successive words or phrases.
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chiasmus
a figure of speech and generally a syntactical structure where in the order of the terms in the first half of a parallel clause is reversed in the second.
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consonance
the repetition of two or more consonants with a change in the intervening vowels
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Diction
the specific word choice an author uses to persuade or to convey tone, purpose, or effect. MUST BE COUPLED WITH AN ADJECTIVE IN ORDER TO USE IN ANALYTICAL WRITING.
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epistrophe
in rhetoric, the repetition of a phrase at the end of successive sentences.
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ethos
In rhetoric, the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker.
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flashback
retrospection - an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narration.
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deductive reasoning
moving from general premises to a specific conclusion in argumentation
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inductive reasoning
a line of reasoning in which general statements and conclusions are drawn from specific principles: movement from specific to general.
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Inference
a conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data
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Isocolon
parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure, but also in length.
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Jargon
specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group
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juxtaposition
the location of one thing adjacent to or juxtaposed with another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose
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loose sentence
a long sentence that starts with its main clause, which is followed by several dependent clauses and modifying phrases.
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metonymy
a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something
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narrative
a mode of discourse that tells a story of some sort and is based on a sequence of connected events
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mood
a feeling or ambience resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view.
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kairos
the rhetorical purpose established through a writer's language
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exigence
the reason the speech needs to be given - often tied to the historical context in which a speaker or writer delivers their message
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periodic sentence
a long sentence in which the main clause is not completed until the end.
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pathos
an appeal to emotion that stimulates pity or connection with the audience.
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synecdoche
a figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole
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simile
a direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another using connecting language (such as, like, as, etc.)
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style
the manner in which a writer combines and arranges words, shapes ideas, and utilizes syntax and structure.
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line of reasoning
the logical progression of ideas presented in an argument that establish the message as rational and valid.
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premise
a reason for the assertion of an argument that offers validity to the conclusion
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claim
In argument - a statement of assertion that contains the central conclusion drawn from evidence.
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synthesis
combining evidence and ideas from several sources to create an original argument
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verbal irony
what the speaker says is actually the opposite of what is meant (sarcasm)
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dramatic irony
in drama or fiction, facts or situation are known to the reader or audience but not to characters
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situational irony
when events end up the opposite of what is expected
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rhetoric
The use of language to achieve a purpose- predominantly to persuade or convince.
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Flashcard (33)