AP Human Geography Unit 2

APHuG Pre-Exam Cram

age cohort

age groups in 5 year increments until 80-85

agricultural density

number of farmers per unit of arable land

anti-natalism

policies that restrict birth

arithmetic density

number of people per unit of land

asylum seeker

refugees who seek protection or political safety from another country

brain gain

immigration of highly talented or educated people into a country

brain drain

emigration of highly talented or educated people from a country

carrying capacity

relationship between population size and amount of resources

chain migration

migration with some relation to a previous migrant, often familial

cornucopian

rejects the idea that there are limited resources on earth, and believes that material needs can be fulfilled through technological advancements

crude birth rate

number of live births in an area per 1000 people

crude death rate

number of deaths in a year per 1000 people

demographic momentum

growing populations continue to grow after fertility rates drop because of young age distribution

demographics

characteristics of a population

diaspora

community of people dispersed from their homeland

doubling time

number of years needed to double the population, affected by natural increase rate; formula is 70/rate

demographic transition model

fluctuation of birth and death rates that show development in a country

epidemiological transition model

transition of health and diseases that affect a population of a country through the demographic transition model

guest/time-contract worker

temporary migrants with permission to work or receive education

internally displaced person

forced migration within a country

international/transnational migration

migration from one country to another

intervening obstacle/opportunity

potential alternatives occurring within migration process

j-curve

a graph showing exponential growth

life expectancy/longevity rate

average amount of time a person can expect to live

thomas malthus

18th century british philosopher and economist regarded for malthusian theory

malthusian theory

linear food production will not be able to keep up with exponential population growth

migration selectivity

tendency for individuals or groups to migrate based on characteristics

naturalization

process where aliens can become citizens

neo-malthusian

belief that shows decline of human resources coupled with drastic population growth

overpopulation

population exceeds carrying capacity

physiological density

number of people per unit of arable land

population aging/graying

trend where proportion of older individuals is the majority due to long life expectancies and decreasing birth rates

population/age-sex pyramid

snapshots of demographics per region; sex on x-axis, age cohorts on y-axis

pronatalism

policies that promote birth

pull factor/centripetal forces

positive characteristics of a place that encourage migration

push factors/centrifugal forces

negative characteristics that discourage migration

ravenstein’s laws

11 laws that describe migration patterns

redistricting

redrawing electoral boundaries to show population changes and ensure fair representation

refugee

person forced to emigrate due to political or environmental factors, or war

replacement fertility

2.1 children per woman

s-curve

graph showing initial slow growth, then exponential increase, and finally leveling off due to limiting factors

sex ratio

information based on sex, males:females, ideally 100:100

step migration

migration with a series of stops, can involve intervening obstacles/opportunities

total fertility rate

average number of children per woman during her childbearing years

transhumance

migration where livestock are taken to highlands in summer and lowlands in winter

undocumented migrant/illegal immigrant

migrant who didn’t follow proper paper pathway for citizenship

zero population growth

when cbr and cdr are equal so the nir is 0

natural increase rate

crude birth rate - crude death rate; does not account for migration