Baylor PSY 3341 Exam 1 (Michalski), exam 5 , psych exam 4, PSY 3341 Exam 3, PSY3341 - Exam 2 Study Guide

development

systemic changes and continuities in the individual that occur from conception to death (womb to tomb)

Biological/Physical (domain of development)

body and organ growth, functioning of physiological systems

Cognitive (domain of development)

changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, and other mental processes

Psychosocial/ Socioemotional (domain of development)

changes that carry over in personal and interpersonal aspects of development (such as motives, roles, personality traits, interpersonal/social skills, and relationships)

life-span perspective

development is a long term multidirectional process that is best viewed from a multidisciplinary approach

plasticity

capacity to change (positively or negatively) in response to experience

neuroplasticity

the brains remarkable ability to change in response to experience throughout the lifespan

age grade

a grouping of ages that is socially determined ( ex: grade in school)

age norm

socially acceptable behavior for age groups

social clock

the timeline that we feel we should follow, order of events throughout life

periods of development

1. childhood

2. adolescence

3. emerging adulthood

4. middle age

5. old age and retirement

emerging adulthood is...

between 18-25 years old

nature-nurture issue

question of how biological forces and environmental forces act and interact to make us what we are

nature

heredity, maturation, genes, innate or biologically based predispositions

nurture

environment, learning, experience, cultural influences

maturation

developmental changes that are biologically programed rather than caused primarily by experience.

learning

relatively permanent change in behavior that results from a person's experience

how does environment and genes relate to the nature-nurture issue?

two forces always co-act to produce development; we need both nature and nurture

heredity

universal maturational process guided by genes; biologically based or innate predispositions produced by evolution (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc)

environment

conditions outside of the person that are presumed to influence and be influenced by the individual

genes

hereditary material passed from parents to a child at conception

experience biological basis

anything that deals with biology, genes, or inheritance

cultural influence

culture is a system of meanings shared by a certain population that is transmitted from one generation to the next

stability vs change

quantitative/ continuous vs qualitative/ discontinuous

continuity vs discontinuity

whether development is best characterized as gradual or continuous (abrupt vs stagelike or escalator vs stair case)

continuity example

child gradually gaining weight from year to year

discontinuity example

growing child shoots up 6 inches in height in a week then stops growing for 3 months (growth spurts)

Active-passivity issue

whether humans are active contributors to their own development or are passively shaped by forces beyond control

(you have control over life vs life has control over you)

universal-context specificity issue

developmental changes are common to everyone (universal) or particularistic/ differ from person to person.

5 important things in the life course (Even Tommy Saw Donna Try)

1. events (college, pandemic, graduation, parent)

2. timing (when do these events occur in your life?)

3. sequencing (are events orderly or is there overlap?)

4. duration (number of years spent in each phase of life- college for 4 years)

5. Transition (roles change frequently brought about by a life event) (student -- graduation--> employee)

SOD

start over dad's - men who have kids when they're old; stereotypically more nurturing and engaged in kids

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix molecule with chemical code that contains genetic characteristics; makes up chromosomes (AT, CG)

gene

can be 2+ versions (mom or dad); provides instructions for the production of proteins; building blocks for bodily tissues and essential substances (like hormones, neurotransmitters, and enzymes)

chromosome

threadlike structure made up of genes, 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of each human cell

nucleotide pairs

the specific order of base pairs that help code for specific amino acids which pair up in a specific order to create a specific protein for the body that displays genetic characteristics. (adenosine-thymine; cytosine- guanine)

a gene is made up of many sets of 3 ____________ that code for an ______________ ______________.

nucleotides; amino acid

where are genes located

in DNA

karyotype

display of 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (pair 23)

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have in regular body cells, how many total?

23; 46

what is special about chromosome pair #23?

the sex chromosome which exemplifies the sex of the individual (XY- male, XX female)

genotype

genetic characteristics that an individual inherits; considered blueprints/ instructions

phenotype

how a genotype is expressed; observable/measurable/physical/ displayed characteristics

allele

alternate forms of a gene (ex. different colors and styles for hair)

dominant characteristics

always seen. expressed phenotypically, mask effect of less powerful gene (only need 1 allele for expression)

recessive characteristics

always seen when NO dominant gene present; need 2 recessive genes for a trait to be displayed; less powerful

incomplete dominance

expresses trait some of the time (ex. sickle cell anemia)

co-dominance

expresses 2 traits all the time (ex. AB blood type, similar to 2 colors seen on a tye dye shirt)

carrier

someone who may not express a trait but can pass it down to offspring (a recessive gene is passed)

sex- linked inheritance

traits associated with chromosome pair 23; traits influenced by chromosome X (most of the time it will be X)

polygenic inheritance

multiple pairs of genes interacting with multiple environmental factors rather than a single pair of genes (height, weight, intelligence, personality)

single-gene pair inheritance

a characteristic is influenced by only ONE PAIR of genes, one from the mother and one from the father(ex. tongue curling)

chromosomal abnormalities

child has too few or too many or incomplete chromosomes because of errors in the formation of ova or sperm- basically chromosomes look wonky

sickle cell anemia

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

red blood cells distribute less oxygen

take on a crescent shape

muscular dystrophy

SEX-LINKED

disease that can cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

RECESSIVE

metabolic disorder by single pair of recessive genes that results in brain damage and intellectual disability

lack of enzyme -> phenylalanine turns into harmful acid

hemophilia

SEX LINKED

deficiency in blood's ability to clot

huntington's disease

DOMINANT

50% chance of getting it if one parent has it

motor problems, personality changes, loss of cognitive abilities

sequence for Huntington's disease

CAG (glutamine)

more repeats of CAG = more severe

who studied and discovered Huntington's disease

Nancy Wexler

ultrasound

examining organs by scanning with sound waves

Fetal MRI

using radio waves and magnetic fields to form a picture

amniocentesis

SAFE AFTER 15 WEEKS

extracting amniotic fluid from pregnant woman so fetal cells within. fluid can be tested for abnormalities and defects.

chronic villus sampling (CVS)

SAFE AFTER 10 WEEKS

catheter inserted through cervix to withdraw fetal cells from chorion for prenatal testing to look for genetic defects

maternal blood sampling

testing substances in maternal blood; try to analyze fetal cells that slip through the placenta into mom's blood

PGD

inserting catheter through mother's vagina and cervix to extract small hair cells which contain genetic material from fetus

sex- determination

dad determines the sex of the baby because he has an X and Y chromosome

Down Syndrome

trisomy 21

child inherits extra 21st chromosome and is intellectually disabled

"homie with an extra chromie"

Turner's Syndrome

XO

female born with one X chromosome

very feminine, sterile

Klinefelter's Syndrome

XXY

male born with 1+ extra chromosome

long limbs, possible enlarged breasts

XYY Syndrome

Supermale syndrome

XYY

extra Y chromosome

tall, strong, have learning disabilities, may be aggressive

gene expression

activation of particular genes in particular cells at particular times; only of a gene is turned "on" its influential

Gottlieb's Epigenetic Theory

development is a product of interaction between biological and environmental forces

genetic origins of behavior and direct influence of the environment affect expression

Epigenetics

nature and nurture co-act to bring about development

Histone acylation

epigenetic mechanism; enhances transcription (speed up process)

histone acetylation

epigenetic mechanism; stops transcription; similar to DNA Methylation

DNA methylation

represses transcription; slows down/ stops DNA copying

Rat Pup study

1. nurturing rat mom's pups will grow up to handle stress well

2. neglecting rat mom's pups will become easily stressed and timid adults

3. early caregiving has a lasting effect on development by altering gene expression

Darwin

evolution found though natural selection

darwin's main arguments

1. there is genetic variation in a species

2. some genes aid in adaptation more than others

3. genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will be passed to future generations and more frequently than genes that do not

natural selection

nature "selects" or allows to survive and reproduce, those members of a species whose genes help them adapt to their environment

crossing over

cause of genetic variability

occurs only in meiosis

maternal and paternal chromosomes exchange genetic information for specific traits

mutation

cause of genetic variability

insertion, deletion, or substitution occur in nucleotides leading to a different amino acid and faulty protein

radiation, age, chance (random) can be some causes

is permanent when genes are passed down

migration

inbreeding vs outbreeding; trace gene to family that migrated from a foreign place

inbreeding

crossbreed organism with very similar genetic make up (ex. family members and family members)

outbreeding

crossbreed organism with very different organism

(ex. stranger and stranger)

meiosis

cellular division producing sperm or ova each containing 1N (haploid) of parental cell's chromosomes

YIELD 4 1N cells

2N -> 1N

crossing over, mutation, genetic variation occur

mitosis

cell division yielding 2 identical daughter cells

2N (diploid) -> 2N

YIELDS 2 2N cells

identical twins genetic relatedness

100%

fraternal twins genetic relatedness

50%

siblings genetic relatedness

50%

parent and child genetic relatedness

50%

child and grandparents genetic relatedness

25%

identical/monozygotic twins

develop from ONE egg and ONE sperm that later divides to form 2 genetically identical individuals

fraternal/ dizygotic

develop from TWO eggs and TWO sperm to create two non-identical children

gene-environment correlation

the interrelationship between an individual's genes and their environment

passive- gene environment correlation

both parents provide children with their genes a home environment compatible with those genes

something the individual cannot control- provided by parents

active gene-environment correlation

children's genotypes influence the kinds of environments they seek out and therefore experience

active role in decision making- experiences individual seeks

evocative gene-enviornment correlation

child's genotypes evoke certain reactions from other people so genetic make up and experience correlate

social reactions to the individual

silver fox video take aways

1. fox personality changed and became more domestic and dog-ike

2. their tails started to curl

3. their fur turned white

4. floppy ears were kept longer

basic reflex- SAME

Sensory

Afferent

Motor

Efferent