AP Psychology Reading Check #12

A child flinches when he sees a balloon, because he is afraid of it popping.

Which of the following is the best example of learning?

associating two stimuli

In classical conditioning, a person learns to anticipate events by

discrimination

A family uses the microwave to prepare their cat's food. The cat comes running into the room when the microwave timer sounds but not when it hears the oven timer. The cat is demonstrating the concept of

habituation

Courtney is the supervisor of all the cashiers at a local grocery store. When cashiers have questions, they flip on a light to signal Courtney to come assist them. Initially, Courtney walked quickly immediately upon seeing lights flash at the grocery store. Now, after seeing hundreds of lights flash over the course of a week, Courtney finds that she does not walk as quickly over to the cashiers when she sees a light. This example best illustrates the concept of

Conditioned stimulus

What is the red truck in this example?

Juliette is experiencing spontaneous recovery

Which of the following statements best explains why Juliette cries every so often even when the truck no longer honks?

He demonstrated that learning can be studied objectively

Which of the following is a reason Pavlov's work remains so important today?

There was a statistically significant effect of higher-order conditioning in this study.

Dr. Bernstein classically conditioned babies to smile every time they saw a bottle full of milk. He then repeatedly showed the babies a picture of a tree before they were presented with a bottle of milk. He noticed that 98 percent of the time, babies smiled at the tree picture when it was presented alone, which was a rate that was beyond what could be expected by chance or error. Which of the following statements most accurately describes Dr. Bernstein's results?

Taste aversion

Dr. Cao studies the biological predisposition to learn associations that will increase a species' survival. What does Dr. Cao study?

Esther vomited after eating hamburgers and thereafter avoided eating them

Which of the following is an example of taste aversion?

Yaya will begin to fear the grocery store

While walking home from school, Yaya's best friend, Ari, jumped out from behind a wall of a grocery store, scaring her. Over the next six months, Ari periodically jumped out from behind the grocery store wall to scare Yaya. Which of the following is a logical and objective conclusion that can be drawn from this example?

Leslie has developed an aversion to the sight of string cheese, since she cannot rely on the way food tastes to develop an aversion to tainted food

Due to a traumatic brain injury, Leslie cannot taste or smell the food she eats. She becomes sick after eating string cheese and later notices that she feels nauseous when seeing pictures of string cheese. Which of the following best explains Leslie's experience?

continue

Colleen uses reinforcement with her kids to cause a behavior to

Charles often does yoga, because he feels less anxious after doing yoga

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates negative reinforcement?

the law of effect

Dr. Bumpers studies how behaviors followed by a favorable consequence become more likely to be repeated. Dr. Bumpers studies Thorndike's principle called

Xavier earns a high score on an exam after studying

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?

Fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement

Rey's chore in her home is to feed the dog. Her mother wanted Rey to remember to feed the dog each day, so she tested some methods to try to ensure that Rey fed the dog every day. For 2 weeks, she gave Rey $1 each time Rey fed the dog (Method A). For another 2 weeks, she gave Rey $5 if she remembered to feed the dog at least once in the past week (Method B). Her mother tracked how each method affected Rey's dog-feeding behavior. Which schedule of reinforcement corresponds to Method B?

Method A

Looking at the graph shown here, which label should be applied to the bar that is black?

Loxley was accidentally reinforced for a response that is unrelated to golfing.

Every time he prepares to putt a golf ball into the hole, Loxley looks up at the sky, because he has made winning putts after he first checked for rain clouds in the sky. Which of the following best explains Loxley's superstitious behavior?

punishment

Dad is frustrated because three-year-old Maya has started to throw her toys often. He takes away one of her toys every time she throws one, and eventually Maya stops throwing her toys. This is an example of

Rewarded behaviors tend to reoccur

Lennox agrees with the law of effect. Which statement would she most likely say?

Give Kelbi a small reward each day that she eats her dinner

Kelbi has refused to eat dinner this entire week. Based on operant conditioning principles, which of the following is the best advice to give Kelbi's parents?

Instinctive drift

Glynnis wrote a report on how biological patterns of behavior emerge and replace learned behaviors in animals. What did Glynnis write about?

Since dogs do not have retractable claws and do not typically climb trees, it may be difficult to teach a dog to climb trees.

Which of the following statements provides a logical and objective conclusion about the difficulty of teaching a dog to climb trees based on biological constraints?

Daneel should tell Greg that he needs to sell a car by the end of the week, and if he meets this goal, the dealership will throw a party for Greg.

Daneel is the manager for car sales at a local car dealership. Greg started working at the car dealership this month but has not yet sold a car. Which of the following plans should Daneel implement to increase the likelihood that Greg will sell a car?

Computers are superior to humans in learning to repeat reinforced behaviors.

Tiffany claims that computers are "just smarter than humans." Which of the following modifies Tiffany's statement to more accurately reflect computers' advantage over humans regarding learned behavior?

Cognitive map

Eliza easily remembers how to walk from her classroom to the bathroom and how to walk to the library from the bathroom in her school. Which of the following concepts most applies to this scenario?

Insight learning

Khalefah had been pondering a brain teaser for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Which of the following best explains her experience?

Dr. Singh conducted a study on whether children will learn to pretend they are superheroes after watching older children play superheroes.

Which of the following studies would best replicate the findings of Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment?

Modeling

Which of the following most logically contributes to our learning of languages?

Alcide watched his boss successfully sell a couch while Alcide was learning how to do his new job.

Which of the following best demonstrates when modeling is most effective?

Mirror neurons

After observing his older sibling walk across a balance beam, Joe's brain reacts in a way that will help him to copy the action later. Which neurological structure is implicated in this example?