interneurons

dougherty

[blanks] are neurons that process information within local circuits with axons restricted to the same structure as soma

Interneurons

most INs are inhibitory [blank] or glycinergic in spinal cord, exceptions include cholinergic, peptidergic, glutamatergic

GABAergic

GABAa and Glycine Receptors are Ligand-gated ionotropic [blank] channels

chloride (Cl-)

bicuculline or picrotoxin are common GABAA receptors antagonists while [blank] is for Glycine receptors

strychnine

[blank] receptors are metabotropic receptors with a 2nd messenger cascade which activates K+ channels

GABAb

voltage clamp measures current, and an outward/positive current indicates [blank] as chloride ions move inwards

hyperpolarization

inward or negative current indicates an [blank] flow of positive ions

inward

[blank] inhibition is where an excitatory neuron excites an inhibitory IN which inhibit downstream neurons

feed-forward

[blank] inhibition involves collaterals from excitatory efferents exciting an inhibitory IN which inhibits the same neuron (or group of neurons)

feedback

[blank] cells are examples of feedback inhibition

renshaw

[blank] inhibition is when shunting occurs at the terminal

presynaptic

axons can have 3 types of connections: Axo-dendritic, Axo-somatic, and [blank]

Axo-axonic

[blank] neurons, like pyramidal neurons, receive the majority of excitatory inputs and are crucial for synaptic plasticity

spiny

interneurons tend to be [blank] neurons

non-spiny

striatal INs can be separated based on spiking patterns: Fast spiking (FS), [blank], and Low threshold spiking (LTS)

Regular spiking (RS)

common calcium binding proteins include [blank], calbindin, and calretinin

Parvalbumin

common IN peptides include [blank], VIP, and NPY

Somatostatin

Principle transmitters for [blanks] are glutamate and GABA (also glycine in spinal cord)

microcircuits

microcircuits display variable synaptic dynamics and are subject to [blank]

modulation

Synaptic dynamics are synapse [blank] and may involve short-term depression/facilitation or Pre/post-synaptic determinants

specific

in the SC stretch reflex, Ia afferents send primarily [blank] input to Ia inhibitory INs

glutamatergic

in the SC stretch reflex, Ia inhibitory IN sends [blank] feedforward inhibition to the antagonist motor neuron

glycinergic

ways to study Ia afferents include antero-/retrograde labeling, [blank] recordings from terminals, stimulation of one structure while recording from another

extracellular

ways to study Ia afferents also includes intracellular recording with [blank] identification, Morphology/size, Immuno co-localization

orthodromic

to analyze neurons within a structure you can genetically label, [blank] trace, or use Activity-dependent labeling

transsynaptically

Inducible expression involves using [blank] with tamoxifen required for Cre activation

CreER

[blank] expression involves Gene-ires-Cre which will recombine floxed allele and permanently marking reporter expression

Conditional

Gene-GFP (no cre) – GFP expression matched to gene expression for labeling glycinergic activity of [blank]

Ia INs

Transcription factor [blank] labels most Ia INs but also other inhibitory interneurons

Engrailed-1

engrailed-1 INs can be divided into [blank] binding protein expression, neuron generation date, or other markers

calcium (Ca2+)

modified rabies virus requires [blank] receptor (TVA) on cell along with AAV GFP

bird

Manipulate neuron populations via, pharmacology, injury/disease models, ablation of neurons, Neuron-specific pharmacology ([blank]), or Optogenetics

DREADDs

ways to record electrical activity during behavior, intra-/extracellular recordings, Calcium imaging, [blanks]

voltage-sensitive dyes

ablation of these neurons and screen for behaviors affecting in the mutants would be [blank]

characterization

forming a hypothesis of what will happen in mutants based on known information and directly test would be [blank]

hypothesis-driven

Hypothesis: V1 neurons inhibit [blank] and test by Ablate V1 neurons and determine durations of flexor activity during locomotion (and other behaviors)

flexion

if V1 neurons inhibit flexion, then ablation should lead to [blanked] flexion in mice

enhanced

the direct pathway of the BG involves projections to [blank], D1R, and facilitation of movement

GPi

the indirect pathway of the BG involves projections to GPe, [blank], and inhibition of movement

D2R

striatal GABAergic INs include PV, fast-spiking which diverge to many MSNs, SOM, NOS, and NPY, and [blank]

Calretinin

Feed forward inhibition leads to [blank] of medium spiny neuron firing

synchronization

one rat column has 6,000-10,000 neurons, [blank] million local circuit synapses, and 85% excitatory/15% inhibitory synapses

10

Pyramidal neurons are common (70-80%), are output neurons, and provide major [blank] to cortex

excitation

Spiny stellate interneurons are Glutamatergic and [blank]

nonpyramidal

Smooth interneurons (aspiny neurons) make up [x-x%] and are GABAergic

15-30%

[blank] cells target distal dendrites, are SST+, and are non-fast spiking

martinotti

[blank] cells target the axon initial segments which is the most powerful form of inhibition

chandelier

[blank] cells target soma and peridistal dendrites are are either CCK non-fast spiking or PV+, fast spiking

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