Civil Rights and Social Movements

A collection of flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the Civil Rights and Social Movements lecture notes.

Little Rock Nine

A group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.

Thurgood Marshall

Lawyer in Brown vs. Board of Education; became the first African American Supreme Court Justice.

Black Panthers

Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale; used violence to protect African Americans against police brutality.

National Urban League

Founded in 1910 to increase job opportunities for African Americans; pushed desegregation and affirmative action.

Malcolm X

Militant civil rights leader; follower of Nation of Islam; later moderated views and was assassinated by its members.

Black Power

Term by Stokely Carmichael advocating for Black pride, culture, economic independence, and sometimes violence.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; initially focused on non-violent civil disobedience, later adopted a militant stance.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination in public places and employment; created the Equal Opportunity Commission.

Affirmative Action

Policy favoring those who suffer from discrimination in employment and education.

De facto vs De jure Segregation

De facto: social segregation; De jure: legal segregation.

Camp David Accords

1979 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Carter.

Iran Hostage Crisis

1979-1981 incident where 52 Americans were held hostage in Iran; linked to U.S. support for the exiled Shah.

Apartheid

System of racial segregation in South Africa.

Glasnost

Policy by Gorbachev allowing more freedom and openness in the USSR.

Reagan Doctrine

Policy aimed at pushing back communism, not just containing it.

AIM

American Indian Movement; fought for Native rights; led militant protests like Wounded Knee occupation.

United Farm Workers

Union founded by Cesar Chavez to protect migrant farm workers.

Cesar Chavez

Mexican-American labor leader; led strikes, marches, and boycotts for farm workers' rights.

Feminism

Belief in equal rights and opportunities for men and women.

Betty Friedan

Author of 'The Feminine Mystique'; challenged traditional gender roles.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Proposed constitutional amendment for gender equality; never ratified.

Phyllis Schlafly

Opposed the ERA; defended traditional gender roles.

Gray Panthers

Founded in 1972 to fight ageism and promote elder rights.

Immigration Act of 1965

Ended national origin quotas; led to increased immigration from Latin America.

Refugee Act of 1980

Admits refugees fleeing persecution based on politics, religion, or society.

Illegal Immigration Reform Act of 1996

Imposed penalties on overstaying immigrants; banned reentry for violators.

Persian Gulf War

1991 conflict where a U.S.-led coalition liberated Kuwait from Iraq under President Bush Sr.

NAFTA

Trade agreement between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada; eliminated trade barriers.

Clinton Administration

Reduced defense after USSR collapse; pushed NAFTA through Congress.

Terrorism

Rise of jihadist threats, including the 9/11 attacks by Al-Qaeda.

Ronald Reagan

Iran freed the hostages on the day of his inauguration. Gorbachev and Reagan both agreed to reduce armaments after Reagan's 1983 Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars). Remember Iran-Contra Affair.