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Blood
A specialized connective tissue responsible for transportation of nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste.
Hemostasis
The process to stop bleeding, involving blood clotting.
Plasma
The liquid portion of blood, containing water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Cells that protect the body against infections and aid in the immune response.
Platelets
Cell fragments that help in blood clotting.
Anemia
A blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
Leukemia
Cancer of blood-forming tissues, resulting in the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.
Hematopoiesis
The process of blood cell formation.
Erythrocytes
Another name for red blood cells.
Leukocytes
Another name for white blood cells.
Thrombocytes
Another term for platelets.
Acidosis
A condition occurring when blood pH falls below 7.35.
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure required to prevent the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Globulins
Proteins in plasma that play roles in immune response.
Fibrinogen
A plasma protein essential for blood clot formation.
Serum
Plasma without clotting factors.
Microcytic Anemia
Anemia characterized by smaller-than-normal red blood cells, often associated with iron deficiency.
Macrocytic Anemia
Anemia characterized by larger-than-normal red blood cells, often linked to vitamin B12 deficiency.
Hypochromic Anemia
Anemia characterized by low hemoglobin content in red blood cells.
Hyperchromic Anemia
Anemia characterized by high hemoglobin content in red blood cells.
Polycythemia
Overproduction of red blood cells.
Sickle Cell Anemia
A genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin structure, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells.
Thalassemia
An inherited condition that causes abnormal hemoglobin synthesis.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
A condition in which an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, leading to hemolysis of fetal red blood cells.
Natural Killer Cells
A type of lymphocyte that kills virus-infected and cancerous cells without prior sensitization.
Neutrophils
The most numerous type of white blood cell, first responders to infections.
Eosinophils
White blood cells that combat multicellular parasites and are involved in allergic reactions.
Basophils
White blood cells that release histamine and heparin during inflammation.
Lymphocytes
White blood cells involved in adaptive immunity.
Monocytes
White blood cells that differentiate into macrophages and phagocytize larger particles.
Leukopenia
An abnormally low white blood cell count.
Leukocytosis
An elevated white blood cell count.
Thrombus
A stationary blood clot that can obstruct blood flow.
Embolus
A dislodged clot that travels in the bloodstream, potentially causing obstructions.
Hemophilia
A genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in specific clotting factors, causing excessive bleeding.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)
A medication that dissolves existing clots, used in heart attacks and strokes.
Vitamin K
An essential nutrient for the synthesis of clotting factors.
Prothrombin Time Test
A test to measure how long it takes blood to clot.
Hypoxia
A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.
Serum Sickness
An immune reaction that can occur after the administration of certain therapies or antiserum.
Autoimmune Disorders
Conditions where the immune system attacks the body's own cells.
Bone Marrow Aspiration
A procedure to sample bone marrow to diagnose blood disorders.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A laboratory test measuring levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets.
Platelet Plug Formation
The initial step in blood clotting where platelets adhere to site of injury.
Clotting Cascade
A series of chemical reactions that lead to blood clot formation.
Thrombocytopenia
A condition characterized by a low platelet count.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
The most common type of anemia, resulting from insufficient iron.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia
Anemia caused by a lack of vitamin B12, leading to macrocytic red blood cells.
Folate Deficiency Anemia
Anemia caused by insufficient folate, leading to macrocytic red blood cells.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
An autoimmune disorder characterized by low platelet counts.
Hemolytic Anemia
A type of anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
A type of leukemia that affects children and involves an overproduction of lymphoblasts.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
A common type of leukemia in older adults characterized by increased lymphocyte production.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
A slow-progressing leukemia affecting granulocyte precursors.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
A rapidly progressing form of leukemia that affects both adults and children.
Multiple Myeloma
A cancer of plasma cells that leads to bone damage and recurrent infections.
Blood Donation
The process of giving blood for transfusion or medical use.
Aleukemic Leukemia
A rare form of leukemia that lacks the abnormal number of white cells at diagnosis.
Stem Cell Transplantation
A medical procedure used to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells.
RhoGAM
A medication used to prevent Rh sensitization in Rh-negative mothers.
Calcium Ions
Essential ions required for activation of several clotting factors.
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Bicarbonate
A crucial buffer for maintaining blood pH, formed from carbon dioxide.
Anticoagulants
Medications that prevent blood clot formation.
Thrombolytics
Medications that dissolve blood clots.
Plasma Expanders
Substances used to temporarily increase blood volume.
Spleen
An organ that filters blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells.
Lymph Nodes
Nodes that help the body to filter out foreign substances and are important in immune function.
Histamine
A compound released by basophils that promotes inflammation.
Heparin
An anticoagulant that helps prevent blood clotting.
Spleenectomy
Surgical removal of the spleen.
Chemotherapy
The use of drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.
Phlebotomy
The process of drawing blood.
Bone Marrow Dysfunction
Impaired function of bone marrow, affecting blood cell production.
Recurrent Infections
Frequent infections due to impaired immune response.
B Cells
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies.
T Cells
Lymphocytes that attack infected or cancerous cells.
Phagocytosis
The process by which cells engulf and digest pathogens.
Glossitis
Infection of the tongue, often seen in anemia.
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen, often associated with blood disorders.
Cytology
The study of cells for diagnostic purposes.
Immune Response
The body's defense mechanism against pathogens.
Clot Formation
The process of blood coagulation to prevent loss of blood after injury.
Hyperkalemia
An excess of potassium in the bloodstream, which can occur with certain blood disorders.
Electrolytes
Ions in the blood that help maintain fluid balance and are crucial for physiological functions.
Fibroblasts
Cells that synthesize extracellular matrix and collagen, important for tissue repair.
Cyanosis
A bluish color of the skin due to lack of oxygen.
Molecular Biology
The field of biology that deals with the structure and function of macromolecules essential to life.
Nutritional Deficiencies
Lack of essential nutrients in the diet, leading to various health issues.
Genetic Disorders
Diseases caused by mutations in genes.
Radiation Exposure
Contact with harmful levels of radiation, often leading to health issues.
Toxic Chemicals
Substances that can cause harm to biological systems.
Functional Iron Deficiency
A condition where iron is available but not utilized properly.
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