Mendelian Genetics

Genetics

___ is the branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation in organisms. It explains how traits such as eye color, height, and even some diseases are passed from one generation to the next. Understanding genetics helps us learn more about evolution, biodiversity, and medicine

Gregor Mendel

______ the Father of Genetics

Czech Republic, 1822

Gregor Mendel - Austrian Monk who was born in ____ in ___

farmer, Theology, ST. Augustine, University of Vienna

Gregor Mendel:

• Son of a __

• Studied __was ordained priest at __

• Went to ___, where he studied Botany

eight, peas

Gregor Mendel - For __ years, he worked with pure lines of __

quantitative

He chose pea plants in his experimental discovery using __ approach

Pea Plants Experiments

There are many varieties with distinct heritable features or characters such as flower color

Pea Plants Experiments

Character variants such as purple or white flowers are called traits.

Pea Plants Experiments

Mating can be controlled

1866, Plant Hybridization

In ___ he published experiments in ___ in which he established three Principles of Inheritance; Principle of Dominance, Principle of Segregation and Principle of Independent Assortment.

Hugo DeVries, Carl Correns, Erich von Tschermark

His work was ignored for 34 years until 1900 when 3 independent Botanists namely ___, ___, and ___ rediscovered his work.

asexually

He tried to repeat his work in another plant, but didn't work because the plant reproduce ___

Mathematics

Mendel was the first biologist to use ____ to explain his results quantitatively.

Heredity

the process of transmission of traits from parents to offspring

Genetics

branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation of organisms

Gene

unit of heredity; section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein

Allele

a variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus. Each ___ inherited from a different parent

Genome

the entire set of genes in an organism

Alleles

two genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait

Locus

fixed location on a strand pf DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located

Homozygous

an individual having identical genes (one from each parent) for a particular characteristics.

True Breeds

Homozygotes are also called ______

Heterozygous

an individual having two different genes for a particular characteristics.

hybrids

Heterozygotes are called ___.

Dominant

the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; that trait appears in the heterozygous condition

Recessive

an allele that is masked by a dominant allele. It does not appear in the heterozygous condition but only in homozygous condition

Genotype

the genetic make up of an organism

Phenotype

the physical appearance of an organism

Monohybrid cross

genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait); parents differ by a single trait

Dihybrid cross

involves mating of parent that differ in two genes (two independent traits)

Punnett Square

useful too to do genetic crosses which predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring

Testcross

can tell the genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype

LAW OF DOMINANCE

LAW OF SEGREGATION

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

MENDEL'S LAWS OF INHERITANCE (3)

genotype

A ___ is the genetic makeup of an organism

phenotype

a ___ is the observable traits, or how those genes are expressed.

PRINCIPLE OF DOMINANCE

• This principle states that all offspring will be hybrid for a trait and will have only the dominant trait express phenotype

• One allele masked the other or one allele was dominant over the other in F1 generation.

Law of Segregation

• The ___ states that organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent.

• These two alleles separate, or segregate, during the formation of gametes, ensuring that each parent passes only one allele for each gene to their offspring.

Principle of Independent Assortment

• This principle explains that alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells and offspring which are independent of one another.

Principle of Independent Assortment

• This means that member of one gene pair segregated independently from other gene pairs during gamete formation. This applies only to genes on different non-homologous chromosomes or those far apart on same chromosomes.