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Population
All of the individuals of interest in a research study.
Sample
Individuals selected to participate in the research study to represent the population.
Discrete Variables
Indivisible categories, such as class size.
Continuous Variables
Infinitely divisible measurements, such as time or weight.
Real Limits
Boundaries located exactly halfway between adjacent categories for continuous variables.
Scale of Measurement
A set of categories used to classify individuals in a research study.
Nominal Scale
An unordered set of categories identified only by name.
Ordinal Scale
An ordered set of categories that indicates the direction of difference between individuals.
Interval Scale
An ordered series of equal-sized categories that identifies direction and magnitude of difference.
Ratio Scale
An interval scale where a value of zero indicates none of the variable, allowing for ratio comparisons.
Correlational Study
A study that determines whether there is a relationship between two variables by observing them naturally.
Experiment
A study designed to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
Independent Variable
The manipulated variable in an experiment.
Dependent Variable
The observed variable in an experiment.
Non-experimental Study
A study that compares groups without manipulating a variable, often using pre-existing participant variables.
Data
The measurements obtained in a research study.
Descriptive Statistics
Methods for organizing and summarizing data, such as tables or graphs.
Parameter
A descriptive value for a population.
Statistic
A descriptive value for a sample.
Inferential Statistics
Methods for using sample data to make general conclusions about populations.
Sampling Error
The discrepancy between a sample statistic and its population parameter.
Notation
Symbols used to represent measurements and operations in statistics, such as X for individual scores and Σ for summation.
Order of Operations
The sequence of calculations to be performed in statistical computations, including parentheses, exponents, multiplication/division, summation, and addition/subtraction.
Note
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