Study Guide – Exam 2 2086 Tingley/Rostetter

A series of flashcards designed to help review key concepts from the study guide for Exam 2 in the Tingley/Rostetter lecture.

The organization of lymphatic structures begins with __________ and ends with where lymph is emptied.

lymph capillaries

The organs of the lymphatic system include the __________, __________, and __________.

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

The function of the thymus in the lymphatic system is to __________ and in the endocrine system to __________.

mature T-cells, secrete hormones

The thymus is most active during __________.

childhood

Lymph vessels transport __________, __________, and __________.

lymph, proteins, fats

The anatomy of a lymph node includes the __________, __________, and __________ where lymph flows.

cortex, medulla, hilum

Large clusters of superficial lymph nodes are found in the __________, __________, and __________ regions.

cervical, axillary, inguinal

The function of the spleen in the lymphatic system is to filter blood and in the immune system to __________.

mount immune responses

The predominant tissue in most lymphatic organs is __________, while the __________ is the exception and has __________ tissue.

lymphoid tissue, thymus, epithelial

The specialized lymphatic structures in the intestines are called __________ and their function is __________.

Peyer’s patches, to monitor intestinal bacteria and prevent overgrowth

Vaccines work by stimulating __________ immunity.

adaptive

The two major systems of the immune system are __________ and __________.

innate immunity, adaptive immunity

The four subcategories of immunity conferred by humoral or cellular immunity are __________, __________, __________, and __________.

active immunity, passive immunity, natural immunity, artificial immunity

Hypersensitivity reactions differ based on the type of cells involved, which include __________ cells for Type I and __________ cells for Type IV.

IgE, T-cells

The different immunoglobulin classes include IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, each found in various locations such as __________ and __________.

blood, mucosal areas

The main pathways for activating the complement system are the __________ and __________ pathways.

classical, alternative

MHC I proteins are found on __________ cells, while MHC II proteins are found on __________ cells, allowing communication with __________ CD cells.

all nucleated, professional antigen-presenting, CD8

Cells of the innate immune system include __________ and __________, while cells of the adaptive immune system include __________ and __________.

macrophages, neutrophils, B-cells, T-cells

T-cells fight pathogens by __________ and __________.

directly killing infected cells, producing cytokines

Cells communicate with other cells to warn them of viral infection through the release of __________.

interferons

Double recognition involves the need for both __________ and __________ to activate T-cells.

T-cell receptor engagement, co-stimulatory signals

The two main mechanisms of hormone signaling are __________ and __________ signaling.

intracellular, membrane-bound

The hormones and their sites include melatonin from the __________, ACTH from the __________, and cortisol from the __________.

pineal gland, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex

Stress hormones respond to stress by initiating a __________ response.

fight-or-flight

The hormones targeting the breasts include __________, which promote lactation.

prolactin

The hormones targeting the gonads are __________ and __________, which regulate reproductive functions.

FSH, LH

Hormones controlling blood sugar levels include __________ and __________, which lower and raise blood sugar, respectively.

insulin, glucagon

Diabetes mellitus is caused by __________, while diabetes insipidus is caused by __________.

insulin deficiency, ADH deficiency

Cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus include __________, __________, and __________.

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Major differences between lymph nodes and tonsils include their location, with lymph nodes primarily found in __________ and tonsils in __________.

lymphatic vessels, throat region

The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are connected by the __________, involving the __________ structures.

infundibulum, hypophyseal

Phagocyte mobilization is the process of __________ to an area of infection.

white blood cells migrating

Up regulation refers to the __________ of receptors, while down regulation refers to the __________ of receptors.

increase, decrease

The major cells inside the lungs include alveolar cells, specifically __________, which produce surfactant.

type II pneumocytes

The most powerful stimulus for the desire to breathe is __________ levels in the blood.

carbon dioxide

Intrapulmonary pressure refers to the pressure within the __________, intrapleural pressure is within the __________, and transpulmonary pressure is the difference between them.

lungs, pleural cavity

The lungs stay expanded due to the negative pressure created in the __________.

pleural cavity

CO2 is carried in the blood primarily in the form of __________ and as __________ in the plasma.

bicarbonate ions, dissolved gas

The major structures of the upper respiratory tract include the __________, __________, and __________.

nose, pharynx, larynx

The major functions of the larynx include __________ and __________.

air passage, sound production

The major tissues found in the larynx and lower respiratory tract include __________ and __________ tissues.

cartilage, epithelial

Structures in the larynx involved with sound production include the __________.

vocal cords

Factors affecting oxygen loading/unloading include __________ and __________ levels.

pH, carbon dioxide

Reading a respiratory volumes/capacities chart involves identifying values such as __________ and __________.

tidal volume, vital capacity