Module 3 Lipids (Part 4)

Integral Protein Channels

Ions like Cl- or HCO3- travel through _______________

Active Transport

Other ions like Na+, K+, and Ca2+ move against the concentration gradient, this required energy input and is called _____________

Steroids

__________ are a group of lipids whose carbon skeletons contain several fused rings

Cholesterol

__________ the most prominent steroid, is synthesized in the liver and found in almost all body tissues.

Cholesterol

It is obtained in the diet from many sources including meat, cheese, butter, and eggs

Coronary Artery Disease and Heart attack

Elevated levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream lead to ______________

Insoluble

Cholesterol is _________ in the aqueous medium of blood.

Lipoproteins, Phospholipids, and Proteins

Cholesterol is transported through the bloodstream by ___________, aggregates of __________ and __________.

Low-density Lipoproteins (LDLs)

Transport cholesterol from the liver to the tissues.

High-density Lipoproteins (HDLs)

Transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.

LDLs

Deposit cholesterol on the walls of arteries when they carry more than is needed to form cell membranes.

“Bad” Cholesterol

LDLs forms plaque, which restricts blood flow, thus it is called ____________

“Good” Cholesterol

HDLs is called ______________

<200 mg/dL

Total serum cholesterol

>40 mg/dL

Recommended levels: HDLs

<100 mg/dL

Recommended levels: LDLs

Hormone

A ___________ is a molecule that is synthesized in one part of an organism, which then elicits a response at a different site.

Sex hormones and Adrenal Cortical Steroids

Two important classes of steroid hormones include ____________

Estrogens and Progestins

The Female sex hormones are _______________

Androgens

The Male sex hormones are called _____________

Estradiol, Estrone

The Estrogens ___________ and ___________ control development of secondary sex characteristics, regulate the menstrual cycle, and are made in the ovaries.

Progesterone

It is responsible for the preparation of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. It is called the “Pregnancy Hormone”

Testosterone, Androsterone

They control the development of secondary sex characteristics in Males. _________ and _________ are androgens made in the testes.

Anabolic Steroids

Synthetic androgen analogues, called ______________ promote muscle growth.

Anabolic Steroids

They have the same effect as testosterone, but are more stable, so they are not metabolized as quickly.

Athletes and Body builders

Anabolic Steroids have come to be used by ________________ but are not permitted in competitive sports.

Physical and Psychological Problems

Prolonged use of Anabolic Steroids can cause ______________

Tetrahydrogestrinone

Anabolic Steroids

Stanozolol

Anabolic Steroids

Nandrolone

Anabolic Steroids

Aldosterone

Adrenal Cortical Steroids

Cortisone

Adrenal Cortical Steroids

Cortisol

Adrenal Cortical Steroids

Aldosterone

_____________ regulates blood pressure and volume by controlling the concentration of Na+ and K+ in body fluids.

Cortisone and Cortisol

_________________ serve as anti-inflammatory agents, which also regulate carbohydrate metabolism.

Bone loss, High blood pressure

Prolonged use of Adrenal Cortical Steroids can have undesired side effects, including __________ and ____________.

Prednisone

____________, a synthetic alternative that has similar anti-inflammatory properties.

Vitamins

__________ are organic compounds required in small quantities for normal metabolism and must be obtained from the diet.

Water soluble or Fat soluble

Vitamins are either __________________

(A,D,E, and K)

The four fat-soluble vitamins ______________ are found in fruits, vegetables, fish, liver, and dairy products.

Adipose Cells

The four fat-soluble vitamins are stored in _____________ to be used when needed.

Vitamin A

Is found in liver, fish, dairy products and is made from B-carotene.

Vitamin A

It is needed for vision and for healthy mucous membranes.

Night blindness, Dry eyes and Skin

Vitamin A deficiency causes ______________________

Vitamin D

___________ can be synthesized from cholesterol.

Rickets (Bone malformation)

A deficiency of Vitamin D causes _________________

Vitamin E

_____________ is an antioxidant, protecting unsaturated side chains in fatty acids from unwanted oxidation.

Neurological problems

Deficiency of Vitamin E causes numerous _______________, although it is rare.

Excessive or fatal bleeding

Vitamin K deficiency leads to ________________

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

__________________ are two types of Eicosanoids

Eicosanoids

All ___________ are very potent compounds, which are not stored in cells but rather synthesized in response to external stimulus.

Local Mediators

Unlike hormones, Eicosanoids are ________________, performing their function in the environment in which they are synthesized.

Prostaglandins

___________ are carboxylic acids that contain a five-membered ring and have a wide range of biological activities.

Inflammation

Prostaglandins are responsible for ______________

Aspirin and Ibuprofen

_________________ relieve pain and inflammation by blocking the synthesis of these molecules.

Prostaglandins

_______________ also decrease gastric secretions, inhibit blood platelet aggregation, stimulate uterine contractions, and relax smooth muscles.