THURSDAY PSYCH TEST IN APRILLLLLLL;LLL

not for ap exam

Trait Theory

Based on characteristic patterns of behavior or dispositions to feel & act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report & peer reports. It describes personality through people’s characteristic behaviors and conscious motives, and considers those motives before (or rather than) the deeper unconscious.

Extraversion and Emotionality

Eysenck reduced our normal individual variations to 2 dimensions—what are these 2 dimensions or “factors”? (Note to remember: they’re genetically influenced!).

Extravert’s normal level of brain arousal are relatively low compared to introverts, which leads extraverts to seek more stimulation than introverts.

What biological aspect influences the factor of extroversion?

A more reactive automic nervous system creates these effects

What biological aspect creates greater anxiety, shyness, and inhibition?

Our genes

What influences temperament and behavioral style?

PET scans show that the frontal lobe, which is involved in behavior inhibition, is less active in introverts. They also show Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity is lower.

What has scientific evidence from PET scans revealed about the nature of introversion?

Bias; stigma

There is a _____ towards extroversion, and a _____ towards introversion.

Personality Inventory

A questionnaire (often with true/false or agree/disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors. Used to assess selected personality traits. Examples include MMPI, MBTI (Myers-Briggs), and The Big Five.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identity emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Myers-Briggs (MBTI)

A self-report questionnaire designed to identify a person’s personality type, strengths, and preferences. Categorizes people into 16 different personality types.

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

What 5 traits/factors does the personality inventory the “Big Five Factor Model” include?

Low Openness (Big 5 Factor)

A big 5 factor/level; practical, conventional, conforming, prefers routine.

Low Consciousness (Big 5 Factor)

A big 5 factor/level; disorganized, careless, impulsive.

Low Extroversion (Big 5 Factor)

A big 5 factor/level; quiet, reserved, withdrawn.

Low Agreeableness (Big 5 Factor)

A big 5 factor/level; critical, uncooperative, suspicious.

Low Neuroticism (Big 5 Factor)

A big 5 factor/level; calm, even-tempered, secure, self-satisfied.

High Openness (Big 5 Factor)

A big 5 factor/level; curious,imaginative, prefers variety–wide range of interests, independent.

High Consciousness (Big 5 Factor)

A big 5 factor/level; hardworking, dependable, organized, careful, disciplined.

High Extroversion (Big 5 Factor)

A big 5 factor/level; outgoing, warm, sociable, fun-loving, affectionate, seeks adventure.

High Agreeableness (Big 5 Factor)

A big 5 factor/level; soft-hearted, helpful, trusting, empathetic.

High Neuroticism (Big 5 Factor)

A big 5 factor/level; anxious, unhappy, insecure, self-pitying, prone to negative emotions.

Our personalities remain generally stable, but most exhibit a maturity principle; from adolescence onward, people become more conscientious and agreeable, and less neurotic.

What happens to our personality as we age?

Person-Situation Controversy

External influences are the focus of social psychology, and the inner influences are the focus of personality psychology. But all behavior is influenced by the interaction of our environment without predisposition. The question is, which is more importnatnt? When considering this concept, we look for genuine personality traits that persist over time and across situations. Although our personality traits may be both stable and potent, the consistency of our specific behaviors form one situation to the next is another matter.

Music preference, written communication, and online or personal spaces

What are three examples of preferences/habits that reveal our personality?

Social-Cognitive Theory

A perspective of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

Behavioral Approach

A concept that focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.

Reciprocal Determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. For example; internal personal factors consider bungee jumping risky, environmental factors consider friends who bungee jump, and behavior becomes bungee jumping.

1) Different people choose different environments (read, social media, activities, sports, music, friends). 2) Our personalities shape how we interpret & react to events. 3) Our personalities help create situations to which we react.

What are the 3 specific ways in which individuals and environments interact?

Biological influences include genetically determined temperament, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and brain activity. Psychological influences include learned responses, unconscious thought processes, and expectations & interpretations. Social-cultural influences include childhood experiences, situational factors, cultural expectations, and social support.

Describe the biopsychosocial approach for the study of personality.

Freud; emotional disorders spring unconscious dynamics, such as unresolved sexual & other childhood conflicts, and fixation at various developmental stages & that defence mechanisms fend off anxiety; personality consists of pleasure-seeking impulses (the id), a reality-oriented executive (the ego), and an internalized set of ideals (the superego); free association, projecitve tests, dream analysis.

Which people are involved with the psychoanalytic theory? What are psychoanalytic theory’s assumptions, views on personality, and assessments?

Adler, Horney, Jung; the unconscious and conscious minds interact, and childhood experiences and defense mehanisms are important; the dynaimc interplay of conscious and unconscoys motives and conflicts shapes our personality; projective tests, therapy sessions.

Which people are involved with the psychodynamic theory? What are psychodynamic theory’s assumptions, views on personality, and assessments?

Maslow, Rogers; rather than focusing on disorders born of dark conflicts, its better to emphasize how healthy people may strive for self realization; if our basic human needs are met, we will strive towards self-actualizaiton, and in a climate of unconditional positive regard, we can develop self-awareness and a more realistic and positive self-concep; questionnaires, therapy sessions, life story approach.

Which people are involved with the humanistic theory? What are humanistic theory’s assumptions, views on personality, and assessments?

Allport, Costa, H. Eysenck, S. Eysenck, McCrae, we have certain stable & enduring characteristics which are influenced by genetic predisposition; scientific study of traits has isolated important dimensions of personality, such as the Big Five traits; personality inventories.

Which people are involved with the trait theory? What are trait theory’s assumptions, views on personality, and assessments?

Bandura; our traits interact with the social context to produce our behaviors; conditioning and observational learning interact with cognition to create behavior patterns, and our behavior in one situation is best predicted by considering our past behavior in similar situations; observing behavior in realistic situations.

Which people are involved with the social-cognitive theory? What are social-cognitive theory’s assumptions, views on personality, and assessments?

In depth study of one individual; psychoanalytic, humanistic; less expensive than other methods; may not genrealize to the larger population.

What is the definition, perspective, benefit(s), and weakness(es) of case studies within investigations of personality?

Systematic questioning of a random sample of the population; trait, social-cognitive; results tend to be reliable and can be genrealized to the larger population; may be expensive, correlational findings.

What is the definition, perspective, benefit(s), and weakness(es) of surveys within investigations of personality?

Ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics (for example, TAT, Inkblots); psychodynamic; designed to get beneath the conscious surface of a person’s self-understanding, may be a good icebreaker; results have weak validity & reliability

What is the definition, perspective, benefit(s), and weakness(es) of projective tests within investigations of personality?

Objectively scored groups of questions designed to identify personality dispositions (for example, MBTI, Big 5); trait; generally reliable and empirically validated; explore a limited number of traits.

What is the definition, perspective, benefit(s), and weakness(es) of personality inventories within investigations of personality?

Studying how individuals react in different situations; social-cognitive; allows researchers to study the effects of environmental factors on the way a person’s personality is expressed; results may not apply to the larger population.

What is the definition, perspective, benefit(s), and weakness(es) of observation within investigations of personality?

Manipulate variable, with random assignment to conditions; social-cognitive; discerns cause & effect; some variables cannot feasibly or ethically be manipulated.

What is the definition, perspective, benefit(s), and weakness(es) of experimentation within investigations of personality?

Self

In modern psychology, assumed ot be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Self-Esteem

Our feeling of high or low self-worth.

Self-Efficacy

Our sense of competence & effectiveness.

Narcissism

Excessive self-love and self-absorption.

The more inflated one’s ego, the more violence they will respond to a threat/attack on their ego with.

What did Bushman & Baumeister’s experiment on ego inflation and violence levels reveal?

This category of culture encourages people to express an independent sense of “me,” to celebrate their unique personal convictions and values, and to seek personal control and individual achievement. It prioritizes personal goals, and defines identity through traits. People in this culture feel more free to switch worship, jobs, etc. and are less focused on group harmony & social duty.

How do individualist cultures shape one’s values and goals?

This category of culture encourages people to accommodate important groups and embrace a sense of “we.” Identity is shaped by family/groups/friends, and group identitications create belonging, a set of values,a nd security. People in this culture value humility over self-importance, and feel duty boundto advance group interest while keeping personal needs in the background.

How do collectivist cultures shape one’s values and goals?

Self Concept in Individualism

Independent self-concept; identity comes from internal, individual traits.

Self Concept in Collectivism

Interdependent self-concept; identity comes from group roles.

Life Task in Individualism

Life task to discover and express one’s uniqueness.

Life Task in Collectivism

Life task to maintain conenctions, fit in, perform role.

What matters in Individualism

“Me” matters—personal achievement and fullfillment; rights and liberties; self-esteem.

What matters in Collectivism

“Us” matters—group goals and solidarity; responsibilities and relationships; family duty.

Coping methods in Individualism

Change reality to cope.

Coping methods in Collectivism

Accomodate to reality to cope.

Morality in Individualism

Morality is defined by the individual (choice-based).

Morality in Collectivism

Morality is defined by social networks (duty-based).

Relationships in Individualism

Easier to enter and leave relationships.

Relationships in Collectivism

Fewer but closer and more stable relationships.

Attributing Behavior in Individualism

Behavior reflects the individual’s personality and attitudes.

Attributing Behavior in Collectivism

Behavior also reflects social norms and roles.

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct Theory/Evolutionary Perspective

A theory of motivation that focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors or instincts. Genes and evolution can create this predisposition. Examples include imprinting in birds, the return of salmon to their birthplace, and infants rooting or suckling instincts.

Instinct

A behavior that is complex, unlearned, and has a fixed/rigid pattern throughout a species.

Drive-Reduction Theory

A “push” theory of motivation that focuses how our physiological needs create an aroused state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. It is our strive for homeostasis. Examples include need = food/water… drive = hunger/thirst… behavior = eating/drinking.

Physiological needs

Our basic bodily requirements. What creates our drive in Drive-Reduction Theory. Examples include our need for food, or water.

Drive

The name for an aroused, motivated state. It is often incited by our physiological needs. Examples include hunger or thirst.

Incentive Theory

A “pull” theory of motivation that focuses on positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate our behavior (lure or repel us). When the stimulus is positive, our dopamine levels increase, causing our underlying drives (food, love) to become active impulses… the more they are reinforced, the strong er they become. When the stimulus is negative, there is a decrease of dopamine, and we look for ways to increase it again. Examples include positive food & love, and negative consequences such as getting unfollowed because you tease someone online (you then feel motivated to threat people better).

Arousal Theory

A theory of motivation that focuses on how, after having satisfied our biological needs, we have desires to seek stimulation to optomise our levels of arousal. Some motivated behaviors increase arousal, others decrease it—some stimulation or anxiety is good, but too much requires downtime to decrease arousal. This theory includes the sensation-seeking theory, which takes four forms. Exapmles include curiosity, such as infant investigating the house, or people’s interest in certain topics & in increasing knowledge.

The Humanist/Humanistic Theory—the desire to seek self-determination and self-actualization.

What personality theory is also sometimes considered a motivation theory?

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principle that arousal increases performance, but only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. A difficult/complex task (i.e. big test) requires lower arousal for improved performance (i.e. less stress). An easy/simple task (i.e. cleaning room) requires higher arousal for improved performance (i.e. listen to music to get hype and lock in).

Affiliation Need

The need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group.

Self-Determination Theory

The theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence (feeling capable, effective, and masterful), autonomy (feeling in control of one's own behavior, having choice, following personal value), and relatedness (feeling connected, cared for, and having a sense of belonging).

Intrinsic Motivation

The desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Extrinsic Motivation

The desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Incentive examples include money, points, grades, etc.. Tend to undermind intrinsic motivation.

Ostracism

Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups. Often punishing, and can generate less self-esteem/self-worth.

We live for connection, and social networking can generate positive emotions by amplifying connection. In moderation, it can support real-life interactions, and encourage healthy self-disclosure. However, it can also lead to stress, fomo, less real-life interaction, less working, comparison (yourself to online personas), and narcisissm.

How does social networking online influence us?

Monitor your time online, monitor your feelings, when ended hide from your online friends who post more often, ask yourself when you post if you would care if someone else posted it, and break your phone-checking habit.

What are some ways to maintain optimum balance between real world and online one?

People who spent more time on activities that were self-focused tended to become more narcissistic.

What did the Freeman and Tweng random assignment study reveal about the correlation between narcissism and certain activities?

Achievement Motivation

A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard.

Grit

In psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

Stomach Contractions Theory

A hunger theory that A.L. Washburn and Walter Cannon proposed; that hunger is directly caused by stomach pangs of the empty stomach.

Glucose Theory

The hunger theory that proposes that hunger is directly caused by decreasing blood glucose levels, which are detected by the brain, and then the stomach/intenstines/liver signal brain to motivate eating, which triggers hunger.

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blod and provides the mahor source of energy for body tissues, when its level is low, we feel hunger (and fatigue).

Glucose (blood sugar, low levels create hunger), Leptin (protein, increase metabolism and decrease huinger), Orexin (hormone, increasing hunger), Ghrelin (hormone, increasing hunger), Obestatin (hormone, hunger suppression)

What are five chemicals that work in increasing and decreasing hunger?

The brain interprets appetite-stimulating and appetite-suppressing hormones regulated and secreted by the hypothalamus via the pituitary gland. It monitors other appetite hormones like grehlin through blood vessels that connect it to the rest of the body.

How does the brain go throught the motions for the Glucose Theory?

Lateral Hypothalamus

When stimulated it makes you feel hungry. If lesioned (destroyed) you will never feel hungry.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

when stimulated it makes you feel full. If it is lesioned you will never feel satisfied.

Set Point Theory

The point at which the “weight thermostat” may be set—the particular stable weight for your body. When the body fall below this weight, increase ginger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight. (The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat).

Basal Metabolic Rate

The body’s resting rate of energy output. It drops in response to decreased food intake, and would then cause weight loss to decrease over time.

Minnesota Starvation Study

Ancel Key’s “semistarvation” experiment, where we fed 200 men normally for 3 months, then halved the food intake for 36 of them. These people became listless and apathetic as their bodies conserved energy. Eventually, their body weight stabilized about 25% below their starting weight. The men became food-obsessed: daydreams, cookbooks, just gazing at food. They lost interest in spcializing and sz because basic needs weren’t met. Their arcuate nuclei were also damaged.

Carbohydrates in chip, pizza, and sweets boosts levels of serotonin, which has calming effects. Conditioning can intensify or alter preferences (people given highly salted food may develop a liking, or people sicked by a food may develop an aversion). Culture affects taste as well, (durian is enjoyed by southeast Asia, and stinky cheese by Western cultures, but these cultures are often repulses by each other’s preferences). Biology affects taste as well; in hotter climates where food spoils quicker, recipes often include spices that inhibit bacteria growth; pregnancy nausea peaks when the fetus is most susceptible to toxins; we tend to avoid unfamiliar fgoods (due to evolutionary defense mechanisms to avoid toxic foods). In certain situations, we may eat more food with friends, or less food with dates. External cues due to work/school schedules, or smelling/sighting food, can cue us to feel hungry. Larger portion sizes mean bigger bites which means less oral exposure which means more calorie intake. Food variety increases how much we eat (buffet versus one meal). Some nutritionists use nudging to encourage healthy eating.

What are some examples of how cultural and situational factors influence people’s taste preferences and hunger?

Obesity can create physical health risks including diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certian types of cancer. It can also increase depressions (esp. In woman), and can cause bullying (this cause outranks reasons of race and sexual orientation).

Give scientifically derived evidence that show how obesity impacts health.

Storing fat was adaptive, your set point and metabolism matter, and genes also have influence and can genetically predispose people to certain body types.

Give scientifically derived evidence that supports the claim that factors other tha nwi llpower contribute to obesity.

Approach-Approach Conflict, Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict, and Approach-Avoidance Conflict

What are the 3 forms of conflict in Kurt Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts Theory?

Approach-Approach Conflict

A situation in which a person has to choose between the two attractive outcomes. When we have two desirable things to choose from but can only choose one.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A situation in which a person has to choose between two undesirable outcomes. You must choose between two equally unattractive options.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A situation in which a person has to choose between an attractive and undesirable outcome. Both options have their benefits and drawbacks. An example is telling your significant other that their hair looks bad. The good is they’ll fix it. The bad is they might be mad at you for a while. Another example is being lactose intolerant and wanting to eat ice cream, then trying to decide between eating it and getting sick, or not eating it and being sad about it.

Emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal (ex. heart pounding), (2) expressive behaviors (ex. quickened pace), and, most importantly, (3) conscious experience and feelings resulting from one’s interpretations (“is this a kidnapping?” and feeling fear).

James-Lange (SUCESSIVE), Cannon-Bard (SIMULTANEOUS), Schachter-Singer (COGNITIVE LABEL OF AROUSAL), Zajonc-LeDoux (EMOTIONAL SHORTCUT), and Lazarus (COGNITIVE SHORTCUT)

What are the 5 theories of emotion?