HBS: semester 1 final

Frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior portions (horizontal)

Sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions (median)

Superior

a part is above another part, or closer to the head

Inferior

a part is below another part, or closer to the feet

Posterior

toward the back (dorsal)

Anterior

toward the front (ventral)

Proximal

describes a part closer to the trunk of the body, or closer to another specified point of reference than another point (arms & legs)

Distal

opposite of proximal- body part farther away from trunk/ point of reference (arms & legs)

Lateral

toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline

Medial

an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal left and right halves

Melanin

Dark pigment in skin- produced by melanocytes

Pacinian corpuscles

Nerve cell processes found in the dermis- stimulated by heavy pressure

Meissner's corpuscles

Nerve cell processes found in the dermis- stimulated by light touch

Free nerve endings

respond to temperature changes or to factors that can damage tissues. extend into epidermis

Epidermis

composed of stratified squamous epithelium. lacks blood vessels and has many layers (most are dead flattened cells)

Dermis

binds epidermis to underling tissue. dense irregular connective tissue including tough collagen fibers and elastic fibers in a gel like substance

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Epiphysis

extended portion at the end of bone. covered with articular cartilage

Extension

increasing the angle at a joint (90-180)

Flexion

decreasing an angle at a joint (180-90)

Rotation

moving a part around an axis (pivot joints)

Elevation

lift up

Depression

pull down

Hyperextension

excess extension beyond the anatomical position

Synovial joints

most of bodies joints. diarthrotic (freely movable).

contain articular cartilage, a joint capsule, and a synovial membrane

Gomphosis

joint formed by a cone shaped bony process on a boney socket (tooth in jaw)

Suture

only between flat bones of skull, connected with dense CT called sutural ligament (fontanels- soft spots on infants skull)

Diarthrotic

freely movable

Amphiarthrotic

slightly movable

Synarthrotic

immovable

Smooth muscle

spindle (eye) shaped cell, one nucleus, involuntary, located in blood vessels and hollow organs (stomach/bladder)

Skeletal muscle

straight cell, many nuclei on edges, voluntary, attached to tendon, bone, and aponeurosis

Cardiac muscle

branched cell, 1-2 nuclei in the middle, involuntary, only in the heart to pump blood through heart chambers and into blood vessels

Ligament

attaches bone to bone

Tendon

attaches muscle to bone

PNS

outside the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

CNS

brain and spinal cord

Depolarization

when more positive (Na) ions move into the cell and change resting potential

Repolarization

positive ions (K) move out of the cell to balance

Alb

white

Derm

skin

Melan

black

Seb

grease

Epi

upon, after, in addition

Follic

small bag

Blast

bud

Clast

break

Carp

wrist

Odont

tooth

Os

bone

Arth

joint

Inter

among, between

Sym

together

Syn

together

Fasc

bundle

Hyper

over, more

Myo

muscle

Sarco

flesh

Ax

axle

Bi

two

Dendr

tree

Moto

moving

Peri

all around

Sens

feeling