APLANG rhetoric flashcards

*i will update every weekend for our tests (lmk if you want me to add anything)

adage

(style) a familiar proverb or wise saying

ad hominem argument

(strategy) attacking the character of the arguer rather than the argument itself

allegory

(style) device of using character or story elements symbolically to represent an abstract as well as a literal meaning

alliteration

(style) the practice of beginning several consecutive words with the same sound

allusion

(style) a refrence to mythological, literary, or historical person, place, or thing

anadiplosis

(strategy and organization) a figure of repetition that occurs when the last word or term in one sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next sentence

ambiguity

(style and strategy) allows for two or more interpretations of a word/phrase/action, which can be supported by the context of the work

analogy

(style and strategy) a similarity or comparison between two different things

anaphora

(strategy, style, and organization) one of the devices or repetition, the same expression is repeated at the beginning of two or more sentences

antanagoge

(strategy and organization) placing a good point next to a fault of criticism, to reduce the impact of the negative

anecdote

(style) a short narrative detailing an interesting episode or event

antecedent

(organization) the word, phrase of clause to which a pronoun refers

antithesis

(strategy and organization) the juxtaposition of contrasting words, in a parallel structure

aphorism

(style) a statement of known authorship which expresses the general truth or a moral principle

aporia

(strategy and organization) expresses doubt about an idea or conclusion, suggests use of an alternative

apostrophe

(style) a form of personification in which the absent or dead are spoken to as if present and the inanimate(objects) as if animate(human). They are addressed directly.

appositive

(style, organization) a noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplifies its meaning

assonance

(style) the repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words

asydeton

(strategy, organization) the omission of conjuctions between related clauses

bathos

(strategy and style) insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity

chiasmus

(style, strategy, organization) a form of parallelism, a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structually revered.

cliché

(style) an expression that has been overused to the extent that is freshness is worn off

colloquial, colloquialism

(style) the use of slang or informalities in speech or writing, not generally acceptable for formal writing, usually gives it a familiar tone.

complex sentence

(organization) a sentence with one inependent clause and at least one dependent clause

compund sentence

(organization) a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, joined by one or more conjunction.

conciet

(organization) a fancifal expression in writing or speech, an ELABORATE metaphor or SURPISING analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects

conduplicatio

(strategy, organization) resembles anadiplosis on the repetition of a preceding word, BUT it repeats a KEYWORD(not just the last word) at the beginning of the next sentence

context

(style, strategy) the convergence of time, place, audiance, and motivting factors in which a piece of wrtiting or a speech is situated.

consonance

(style) the repetition of a consonant sound WITHIN a series of words to produce a harmonious effect

circumlocation

(style and strategy) the use of an unnecessarily large number of words or an indirect means of expression to express an idea so as to affect an evasion in a speech.

cumulative (loose) sentence

(organization) a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases or clauses

declarative sentence

( organization) a sentence that makes a sentence or declaration

dialect

(style) a variety of speech characterized by its own particular grammer or pronunciation, often associated with a geological region

diction

(strategy, style) author word choice, includes connotation/denotation and levels of formality

distinctio

(strategy) a figure of explication in which a introductory refrence to a word’s meaning is made -followed by further elaboration of that word’s meaning, explicit definition of, or elaborations upon the meaning/meanings of a word/words

double entendre

(style) the double (or multiple) meaning of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambigous: one meaning is USUALLY risqué

epigram

(style) a brief, pithy, and often paradoxical saying

epigraph

(style) a saying or statement on the title page of a work, or used as a heading for a chapter or other section of work

epithet

(style) a term used to point out a characteristic in a person (often compound adjectives, can be abusive or offensive but are not so by definition)

epostrophie

(strategy, organization, style) the OPPOSITE of anaphora, repetition at the END of successive clauses

eponym

(style) in rhetoric, simillar to allusion, refering to a specific famous person to link his or hers attributes with someone else

ethos

(strategy, style) the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrative

euphemism

(style) an indirect expression of unpleasant information in such a way as to lessen its impact

expletive

(style) an interjection to lend emphasis: sometimes a profanity

extended analogy/metaphor

(strategy, style) an extended passage arguing that if two things are similar on one or two ways, they are probably similar in other ways as well

homily

(strategy, style) literally means “sermon” but more informal, includes serious talk, speeches, lectures involving moral or spiritual advice.

hyperbole

(style) a deleberate outragous exaggeration

hypophora

(Strategy) a figure of speech in which the writer raises a question and then immediately provides an answer

ibid

(organization) the term is Latin to provide a footnote citation for a source that was sited in the preceding footnote

imagery

(style) consists of words or phrases a writer uses to represent persons, objects, actions, feelings, and ideas descriptivley by appealing to the senses.

invective

(style) an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong abusive language.

irony

(style) verbal- a speaker says one thing while meaning the opposite

situational- a situtation turns our differently than one would expect, though is oddly appropriate

dramatic- a speaker or character does something that had a different meaing from what he/she thinks it means

litotes

(organization, style) a type of understatesment in which an idea is expresses by negating its opposite

logos

(strategy, style) an appeal to logic

loose (cumulative) sentence

(organization) a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases or clauses

malapropsim

(style) the mistaken substitution of one word for another that sounds similar.

metaphor

(style) a comparision of two things without using like or as

mood

(style) the atmosphere or predominant emotion in a literary work

metonymy

(style) from the Greek meaning “subsititute name” figure of speech in which the name of one object is subsituted for that of another closely related

non sequitur

(strategy) an illogical inference that does not follow logically from the premises

onomatopoeia

(style) the use of words to mimic sounds they describe

oxymoron

(style) a form of paradox that combines a pair of opposite terms in a single unusual expression

paradox

(style) occurs when the elements of statement contradict eachother

parallelism

(style, strategy, organization) grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs similarity.

parody

(style) a work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.

pathos

(strategy) a appeal to emotions or intrests of an audiance

periodic sentence

(organization) a sentence that presents its central meaning in the main clause at the end. The phrase or dependent clause is before the independent clause.

personification

(style) give inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics.

polysydeton

(strategy, style, organization) opposite of asydeton, the use for rhetorical effect, or more conjunctions than is necassary or natural.

predicate adjective

(organization) one type of subject complement- a adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clauses that follow linking verbs.

predicate nominative

(organization) a second type of subject complement- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that following a linking verb and renames the subject.

procatalepsis

(strategy) a figure of speech in which the speaker raises an objection to his own argument and then immediately answers it. he hopes to stengthen his argument by dealing with possible counter-arguments.

pun

(style) a play on words, often achieved through the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings.

qualifiers

(strategy, style) words/phrases that limit the force of an authors claim

rhetorical question

(strategy, organization) a question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.

repetition

(organization) the duplication, either exact or approximate of any element of language - sound, word phrase, clause, sentence, or gramatical pattern

sarcasm

(style) the use of verbal irony in which a person appear to be praising something but is actually insulting it.

satire

(strategy, organization) a work that targets human vices or social institution and conventions, for reform and ridicule.

sententia

(organization, style) a figure of argument in which a wise, witty, or forceful aphorism is used to sum up the preceding material

simile

(style) a comparison of two things or ideas using like or as.

solecism

(organization) nonstandard grammatical usage; a violation of grammatical rules

style

(style) the writers characteristic manner of employing language

subject complement

(organization) the word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and compliments, or completes the subject of the sentence by either renaming or describing it.

subordinate clause

(organization) the word group contains both a subject and verb, but unlike the independent clause, it CANNOT stand alone, it does not express a complete thought.

syllogism

(style) a deductive sytem of formal logic that presents two premises that lead to a solid conclusion.

symbolism

(style) any object, person, place or action that has both meaning in itself and stand for something larger than itself.

symploce

(style, strategy, organization) combining anaphora and epostrophie so that one word/phrase is repeated at the beginning and another word/phrase is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.

syntax

(organization) the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.

syllepsis

(style) a construction in which one words is used in two different senses.

synecdoche

(style) using one part of an object to represent the entire object

thesis

(strategy) the sentence of group of sentences that directly expresses the authors opinion, purpose, meaning, or position

tone

(style) the writers or speakers attitude towards a subject, character, or audiance and is conveyed through the authors choice in words and detail.

trope

(style) an artful variation from expected modes of expression thought and ideas, a figure of speech involving a turn or change of sense (USE OF A WORD DIFFERENT THAN ITS LITERAL MEANING)

tautology

(style) needless repetion which adds no meaning or understanding.

undertone

(style) an attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece

understatement

the opposite of a hyperbole, deliberatly delivers something less than it is.

unreliable narrator

(style) an untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in the story.

vernacular

(style) the everyday speech of a particular country or region often involving nonstandard usage.

volta

(strategy, organization)j a turn in the piece or a shift in the tone/voice/narrative/topic that indecates the authors idea

zeugma

(style) a trope, one word (usually a noun or main verb) governs two other words not related in the meaning.