Chapter 5 Skeletal System

five functions of the bones

1. support

2. protection

3. movement

4. storage

5. blood cell formation

compact bones

dense, smooth and homogenous bones

spongy bones

small porous found in the interior of long bones lower density and lower weight than compact bones

osteoblasts

bone forming

osteoclasts

bone absorbing. absorbs bone tissues during growth and healing

ossification

the process by which bone tissue is formed. It is a crucial part of skeletal development and growth, as well as bone repair. 

transverse fracture

caused by a bending force that causes the bone to snap. occurs at exact 90 angle horrizontal

oblique fracture

trapping of one bone while the other twists over it (foot caught by a rock). sloped up/ down at an angle 

spiral fracture

caused by a twisting force, fracture spirals around the bone

comminuted

caused through crushing force, fracture breaks into multiple pieces

avulsion fracture

a muscle contraction or stretch that is stronger than the force that holds the tendon to the bone. ligament pulls away and fragment breaks off

impacted fracture

compression of the bone from end to end. middle of a bone when it divides into itself. pushing into itself

greenstick fracture

occurs most often in children that have not completely developed. bone bends rather than breaking

Three categories of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

fibrous joints

no movement, may fuse overtime

synovial joints

most moveable

cartilaginous joints

little movement, fibrous

arthritis

inflammation or degenerative diseases of joints

bursitis

inflammation caused by blow or friction

sprain

stretch or tear

osteoporosis

bones get thinner/weaker with age

red bone marrow

site where blood cells are produced, found in the spongey bone on the end of the bones

yellow bone marrow

found in the medullary cavity of long bones. Stores fat and provides structural microenvironment

diaphysis

shaft of bone

epiphysis

ends of bone

articular

top of the bone

epiphyseal plate

layer of cartilage located at the ends of long bones

epiphyseal line

remnants of the epiphyseal plate from being children

medullary cavity

the hollow, central space within the shaft of a long bone, containing bone marrow

endosteum

a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of bones, including the medullary cavity of long bones and the surfaces of the spongy bone's trabeculae

periosteum

a tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bones, except at the joints

Frontal

Forehead

Parietal

back of head bone

Temproal

on the lateral (side) of the skull, just above and behind the ear

Occipital

eye area bone

Maxilla

around the nose above the mouth bone

Mandible

chin bone

Zygomatic

cheek bone

Vertebrae

cervical, thoracic, lumbar

Ribs

1-7 true. false 8-10. floating 11 & 12

Sternum

in the middle of the ribs. flat bone

Sacrum

bottom of lumbar vertebrae

Coccyx

bottom of sacrum

Nasal

nose area

Clavicle

s shaped bone connected to the scapula

Scapula

shoulder blade

Humerus

upper arm bone

Radius

thumb side of bone

Ulna

pinky side of bone

Carpals

top of the hand bones

Metacarpals

finger bone

Phalanges

top of finger bone

Femur

upper leg

fibula

a long, thin bone located on the lateral (outer) side of the lower leg, parallel to the tibia (shinbone)