KIN 216 Exam 1 MSU

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Physiology

The study of body function

Biology

the study of living things

Neuro-

nerve

myo/sarco-

muscle

chondro-

cartilage

hema/hemat/hemo-

blood

lipo-

fat

cyto-

cell

osteo-

bone

Sarcolemma

muscle cell membrane

-lemma

sheath

-algia

pain

-blast

primitive/precourser cells

-lysis

split or break

-genesis

build or create

-oma

tumor or mass

-malacia

softening

-cyte

cell

Hippocrates

Father of medicine

Aristotle

first anatomy drawings

Galen

pharmacology, as well as early work with animals

Vesalius

father of modern anatomy

Harvey

first deconstructed circulatory system

Middle Ages

-years of knowledge lost

-practice and study was banned

Humoralism

the body is governed by four fluids that should be balanced: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm (lasted around 2500 years)

Renaissance

-1400 - 1600s

-first cadavers

-golden age of development

20th Century Onward

- anatomy develops through microscopy and radiology

Hierarchy of Organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

anatomical positioning

The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.

superior/inferior

top and bottom

anterior/posterior

front and back

cranial/caudal

toward the head/toward the tail

proximal/distal

closer to trunk/further from trunk

medial/lateral

toward the midline/away from the midline

superficial/deep

toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface

Frontal

forehead

orbital

eye

nasal

nose

Buccal

cheek

oral

mouth

mental

chin

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

Sternal

sternum

abdominal

abdomen

Pelvic

pelvis region

coxal

hip

pubic

genital region

cervical

neck

deltoid

shoulder

brachial

upper arm

Antebrachial

forearm

olcranal

elbow

antecubital

front of elbow

carpal

wrist

manus

hand

digital

fingers, toes

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

popliteal

back of knee

crural

lower leg

Sural

calf

Tarsal

ankle

calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole of foot

pets

foot

cranial

skull surrounding brain

occipital lobe

vision center of brain

auricular

ear

lumbar

lower back

sacral

butt bone

gluteal

butt

perineal

gooch.

sagittal plane

left to right

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

cytology

study of structure and function of cells

cytolysis

splitting a cell

Cytoxin

poison

Robert Hooke 1665

coined the term "cell"

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

first person to view a cell with microscope

Theo Schwann and Mathias Schleiden 1838-39

came up with cell theory, everything is made of billions of trillions of cells

Rudolph Virchow (1855)

All cells come from other cells

George Palade (1953) NOBEL PRIZE

discovered ribosomes and mitochondria

organic compounds

Compounds that contain carbon

inorganic compounds

Compounds that do not contain carbon

function of carbohydrates

main source of energy

function of lipids

store energy (fat)

cell structure (phospholipids)

insulation and protection of organs (fat)

function of proteins

essential for the growth, development, and repair of all body tissues

Nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids

nitrogenous base nucleotides

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

sugar(ribose)

phosphate group (mono,bi,tri)

Nucleic Acids

DNA,RNA

bases of genetics

nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids

instructions for protein synthesis

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

main energy currency

cell signaling systems (guanosine triphosphate)

link between hormones and receptors.

characteristics of a cell

obtain nutrients

dispose waste

replicates

have organelles

plasma membrane function

controls what comes in and out of the cell

components of plasma membrane

phospholipids - cell recognition

cholesterol - stability and structure

proteins - controls function (transport in and out)