Questions from exam 2

Archaea are resistant to damage by harsh conditions because their membrane lipids, unlike those of bacteria and eukaryotes haves

Ether linkages

Archaea have very diverse environmental requirements and tolerances. From what you have learned about them, which among the following conditions or substances do ALL archaeans require for survival and reproduction?

Carbon

Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are considered the most ancient organisms capable of photosynthesis. Given what you know about cyanobacteria, which of the following is the more similar species?

Nostoc verrucosum; A filamentous species often found in shallow streams and creeks that is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen using specialized cells known as heterocytes.

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a function of the cell walls of bacteria

They prevent horizontal gene transfer

The difference between an akinete and endospore is that

Akinetes are whole cells filled with food, whereas endospores are bodies produced inside of cells.

The atmosphere and seas of the early Earth lacked oxygen. What kind of organisms could NOT have lived under those conditions

obligate aerobes

Most extremophiles are archaea

True

Microcystis aeruginosa is a species of cyanobacteria. What CANNOT be true of this species?

It is an obligate anaerobe

Which category of organisms is responsible for synthess supply of org’s supply of organic carbon?

Producers

Protists are NOT monophyletic. This means that protists:

are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms

Some protists bear a small number of external cellular structures that facilitate swimming by repeatedly bending and straightening. These protists are informally known as:

flagellates.

Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess:

Hairy flagella

Which of the following statements best describes secondary endosymbiosis?

A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont.

Members of the supergroup Amoebozoa are characterized by:

locomotion via pseudopodia

The group of protists to which you are most closely related is:

the choanoflagellates

Which statement best explains an outcome of endosymbiosis?

It is responsible for mitochondria.

What characteristics of Chlamydomonas are typical of protists in general?

its size, its aquatic habitat and the lack of characteristics that define members of the plant, animal and fungal kingdoms

The organisms of a microbiome may include:

bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists.

Why do microbiome researchers often focus on sequencing rDNA for cataloging species?

The genes for rRNA are universal and slow to evolve.

True or False: Microbiomes are found only within the body of a host, which may be animal, plant, fungal, or even protist.

False

Which environment(s) do NOT host a microbiome, as far as we know? Choose all that apply.

The moon

Which factors contribute to the relationship between ectomycorrhizal fungi and plants? Choose all that apply.

The plant supplies the fungus with organic products of photosynthesis, Hyphae from mycorrhizal fungi extend further into the soil than the roots, to access more water and minerals

True or False: All human microbiomes are beneficial to health.

False

Kingdom Plantae is a clade comprised of bryophytes and what other group?

Tracheophytes

Which of the following statements best describes the life cycles of streptophyte algae and plants?

The diploid generation of streptophyte algae is unicellular, whereas the diploid generation of plants is multicellular

Alternation of generations means

One phase of the life cycle is diploid and the other is haploid

A tracheid is

a specialized vascular cell.

Which of the following statements are true of the stomata on the leaves of vascular plants?

They regulate intake of carbon dioxide, they regulate release of oxygen to the air, they regulate loss of water, and they are able to open or close depending on environmental conditions

Which groups of plants have at least some members that possess tissues capable of transporting water and nutrients?

Tracheophytes, embryophytes, spermatophyes and lycophytes

Advantages of retaining the young sporophyte as an embryo within the parent plant include

The embryo is able to quickly replicate, producing multiple copies that can be widely dispersed and the embryo is protected from pathogens

Which of the following statements describe advantages that seeds have over spores?

Seeds are able to store food, seeds are produced in greater numbers, seeds employ various means of dispersal allowing colonization of more diverse habitats and production of seeds does not require water as a medium for sperm transport

Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of fruits and seeds?

Fruits are structures that contain seeds and foster seed dispersal.

While on an expedition to South America, you discover a new plant species. Although you are certain it is a gymnosperm, you are interested in determining its phylum. The identification of what attributes would cause you to classify this new species to the phylum Coniferophyta over other gymnosperm phyla?

Tracheids with tori and needle-like or scale-like leaves with waxy cuticle

Of the features in plants and the animals that resulted from coevolution,

features of the plant and the interacting animal change in response to and in concert with one another.

Evaluate the following statements and determine which is the MOST detrimental consequence to plant reproduction of being a sedentary organism.

Plants have no guarantee that they will be pollinated.

What is pollen?

the male gametophyte of a plant

Conifers are particularly common in mountain and high-latitude forests. What key characteristics of conifers give them an advantage over other plant phyla in these biomes?

The conical shape of the tree, a waxy cuticle, flexible branches and a tori

incomplete flowers can be perfect flowers but imperfect flowers cannot be complete flowers.

True