AP WORLD UNITS 1 AND 2 SUMMATIVE REVIEW

Meritocracy

Bureaucratic structure where officials earn roles based on merit

Grand Canal

Over 30,000-mile waterway aiding China's trade dominance

Champa Rice

Fast-growing, drought-resistant, flood resistant rice leading to increased crop yields

Chan Buddhism

Syncretic faith combining Buddhist and Daoist principles

Filial Piety

Loyalty and submission of families to the older generations i.e. parents and grandparents

Neo-Confucianism

Blend of rational thought (Confucianism) with abstract notions (Buddhism)

Abbasid Empire

Islamic empire facing challenges from Central Asian nomads and European powers

Mamluks

Enslaved ethnic Turks in Arabic culture, serving as soldiers and bureaucrats

Seljuk Turks

Central Asian group challenging the Abbasid Empire

Baghdad

City at the heart of trade routes, significant in the Abbasid Empire

Sufis

Muslim mystics focusing on introspection and spiritual truths: include Whirling Dervishes

Incan Empire

Massive South American empire known for road building

Carpa Nan

Impressive Incan roadway system spanning about 25,000 miles

Bantu Migration

Spread of Bantu-speaking people in Africa, sharing agricultural knowledge

Kin-based Networks

Dominant society type in Africa, Community leadership system based on familial ties

Mali Empire

Powerful trading society known for its gold exports and city of Timbuktu

Feudalism

System of land exchanges for loyalty in European civilization

Three-Field System

Agricultural method rotating crops across three fields for soil fertility

Great Schism

Split in the Christian Church leading to Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches

Primogeniture

Inheritance system leaving estate to eldest son, common in medieval Europe, this led to landless aristocrats who fought in the Crusades

Bourgeoisie

Middle class including merchants, shopkeepers, and craftspeople

Cartography

The art and science of mapmaking

Black Death

Epidemic of bubonic plague in the 14th century

Silk Roads

Ancient trade routes connecting Asia and Europe

Mongol Empire

Vast empire in Asia led by Genghis Khan

Pax Mongolica

Era of peace in Eurasia under Mongol rule

Hanseatic League

Alliance of northern European cities for trade defense, that monopolized trade on certain goods

Genghis Khan

Mongol leader who founded the Mongol Empire

Islamic Slavery

While Islamic empires were tolerant of other religions, only other monotheistic religions like Christians and Jews were exempt from slavery.

Caravanserai

Roadside Inns along the Silk Roads that led to increased efficiancy and trade as well as the development of cities along the routes like Samarkind and Kashgar

Flying Cash

System of paper money deposits for merchants, like today's wireless bank transfers

Lateen Sails

Triangular sails invented by Arab sailors that led to an increase in the Indian Ocean Exchange

Astrolabe

Navigational tool for determining latitude, led to increased trade in the Indian Ocean

Zheng He

Chinese seafarer known for voyages and trade interactions who brought the first giraffe to China from Africa

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

Trade routes crossing the Sahara Desert, linking West Africa to the Mediterranean

Camels

Preferred desert transport due to efficiency and water conservation

Somali Camel Saddle

Saddle enabling camels to carry up to 600lbs of cargo

Timbuktu

Trade and Islamic learning hub in Mali

Mansa Musa

Malian ruler known for wealth display and Islamic commitment (not subtle)

Hulagu Khan

Grandson of Ghengis Kahn known for destruction of Baghdad and the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate

Islam

Religion with vast influence across Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia

Mongols and the Black Death

The Mongols revitalization of the Silk Roads led to a spread of the Bubonic plague via fleas on animals traveling in close proximity of people.

Bubonic Plague / Black Death

Epidemic causing massive death toll in Europe during the 14th century, roughlt 1/3 of the population

Marco Polo

Venetian explorer and writer whose accounts of China were initially doubted, but ultimatley generated massive curiosity in Europe about the far east

Ibn Battuta

Muslim traveler documenting observations of the farthest reaches of Dar-al-Islam, specifically Africa

Overgrazing

Excessive grazing leading to land degradation and resource depletion ex: Camels outside Zimbabwe

Deforestation

Clearing of forests leading to soil erosion and reduced goods production

Diasporic Communities

When people live in a land outside of the land of their birth but retain some of their cultural traditions and practices: example Muslim seafaring merchants who settled in port cities around the Indian Ocean expanding the cultural footprint of Islam.

Most valuable commodity traded on the Trans-Saharan Trade Route

Gold (From Mali)

Dar al-Islam

Territories, nations and empires where Islam was the dominant religion practiced

Mongols and the Silk Roads

A conquering people, led by Ghengis Kahn, who revitalized the Silk Roads by adding security and safety measures (After the Abbasid Merchants had paved the way centuries before)