PHILO MIDTERMS 1

Holism

• in general terms is the idea that all the properties of a given system cannot be determined or explained by its component parts alone

Greek Civilization

• first philosophers came from ancient

Thales

Othe first noted philosopher in western history, said that everything is related to each other because everything that exists contains water.

Philos

“To love”

Science

• the investigation is systematic

• organized body of knowledge just like any other sciences

Greek Sophia

“wisdom” words

Philosophy

• is also defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things.

Science

• the investigation is systematic

• organized body of knowledge just like any other sciences

Natural light of Reason

philosophy investigates things by using the natural capacity to think or human reason alone or the so-called unaided reason

Study of All Things

• a philosopher studies human beings, society, religion, language, God, plants and many others

First Cause or Highest Principle

is that from which something proceeds in any manner whatsoever (Ramos, 2016).

Principle of Identity

whatever is is; and whatever is not is not, everything is what it is.

Principle of Non-Contradiction

it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect.

Principle of Excluded Middle

a thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not; between being and not-being, there is no middle ground possible.

Principle of Sufficient Reason

nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence.

Metaphysics

helps the human person explore existential significance beyond the confines of daily life.

Ontology

what is the nature of existence

Cosmology

origin and organization of the universe

Principles of Metaphysics

• Time does not exist.

• Past, present and future are all happening simultaneously

• What we think, we create.

• Our bellets create our realitv

Ethics

provides ethical principles and frameworks that serve as guides to human actions.

Ethos

custom or convention

Ethics

• The branch of philosophy that deals with morality.

• is concerned with distinguishing between good and evil in the world, between right and wrong human actions, and between virtuous and non virtuous characteristics of people-The American Dictionary of Cultural Literacy
  (2005)

Atonomy

independent. free and self directing i.e the state of ‘self determination’

Non-malificance

Avoiding and preventing harm to all persons

Beneficence

To provide benefit or advantage to all

Justice

Fairness and equality to all

Epistemology

• The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, sources, scope limitations), and validity of knowledge

Epistemology

from the greek episteme, “knowledge, science” + “logos” or theory of knowledge

Epistemology

the means of production of knowledge

Empiricism

is the view that knowledge can only be attained through sense experience.

Deduction

Particular facts can be understood or judged according to a general idea

Rationalism

is the philosophical stance according to which reason (logic, laws, methods) is the ultimate source of human knowledge.

Progmatism

The meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences.

Logic

may be defined as the science which directs the operations of the mind in the attainment of truth.

Reasoning

is the concern of the logician.

Zeno

The term logic comes from the Greek word logike and was coined by

Etymologically

it means a treatise on matters pertaining to the human thought.

Aristotle

• was the first philosopher to devise a logical method. He understood truth to mean the agreement of knowledge with reality.

Logical Reasoning

• makes us certain that our conclusions are true, and this provides us with accepted scientific proofs of universally valid propositions or statements; that we have valid arguments (Ramos, 2016).

Aesthetics

is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty and good taste. It has also been defined as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature".

Aesthetics

derives from the Greek "gisthetikos", meaning "of sense perception".

Dennis Dutton

has identified seven universal signatures in human aesthetics.

Expertise or Virtuosity

(technical artistic skills are cultivated, recognized and admired)

Non-Utilitarian Pleasure

(people enjoy art for art's sake, and don't demand practical value of it

Style

(artistic objects and performances satisfy rules of composition that place them in recognizable styles)

Criticism

(people make a point of judging, appreciating and interpreting works of art)

Imitation

(with a few important exceptions (e.g. music, abstract painting), works of art simulate experiences of the world)

Special Focus

(art is set aside from ordinary life and made a dramatic focus of experience)

Imagination

(artists and their audiences entertain hypothetical worlds in the theatre of the imagination)

Dogmatism

is arrogant, stubborn assertion of opinion or belief.

Western Philosophy

• It refers to various schools of thought which were conceived and practiced in Europe and North America.

Stoicism

Emphasis on morality, virtue, calm, and emotional fortitude

Scholasticism

Application to Philosophy to define and explain religious doctrines

Humanism

Emphasis on the human person; use of philosophy to understand society, nature, and humanity

Rationalism

Reason and logic considered the basis of knowledge and belief; man has innate knowledge that can be accessed through intuition and deduction

Empiricism

Knowledge is gained through the sense; reliance on inductive reasoning to arrive at generalizations

Social and Political Philosophy

Discussions on the ideal human situation and society; emphasis on individual rights and liberties

Existentialism

Human experience is defined by the views, emotions, and actions of the individual.

Pragmatism

Emphasis on the practical use of knowledge and ideas

Phemomenology

Experience is studied based on the subjective viewpoint of the individual.

Absurdism

Man will never understand the human condition and the meaning of life.

Postmodernism, Post-structuralism

Analysis on how knowledge, ideas, and power relations are defined

Eastern Philosophy

• First emerged from West Asia (Middle East), India, China, Japan and Korea.

• It is neatly woven with religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism.