History: spain and the new world = key topic 2 ( the conquistadors 1513-1528)

What is a conquistador?

Spanish explorer in the new world

Why would people become conquistadors?

• new continent could bring riches beyond your imagination

• Monarchs gave them rights to invade + conquer in the name of Spain and allowed some to become governors of particular regions

• Had to give monarch 1/5 of gold / treasure

What did conquistador do?

• had to finance there own expeditions and find others to join them

• Expected to send regular reports back to Spain + act on orders from Spanish administration, didn’t always happen due to limited time or wanting independence

• Invading Spanish were taking land from natives with massacre, murder ,treachery, rape and torture marking their explorations

When did Balboa first land on mainland America?

1509

What was the name of the first settlement in mainland America?

Darian

Balboa, discovery of Pacific Ocean and creation of Panama narrative?

• 1509: Balboa leads a party to rescue a Spanish expedition in mainland America

• 1510: Balboa and rescued Spanish create a settlement called Darian (first Spanish settlement on mainland America and it flourished)

• Balboa is appointed as captain general and governor of Darian, he begins to explore mainland America

• Balboa hears rumours about a vast sea in the West and they set out to find it travelling across Panama

• 1513: they find what they call the southern sea (pacific ocean) and claim it for Spain, they begin to explore it and find islands with lots of pearls that they send to Spain

• 1514- Spanish king sends over Padrarias who takes over from Balboa, they were old enemies and Balboa is executed

• Padrarius and his second in command (Espinosa) explore the land and eventually decide to built a settlement called Panama ( this was very well situated between both oceans and fertile land)

• 1522: most of the people from Darien are forcibly moved to Panama and Darien is destroyed by natives

Narrative of Valazquesz’s conquest of Cuba (1511-14)

• due to illness and killings no longer enough natives on Haiti to be slaves. Many natives including Hatuey (native chief) fled to Cuba to escape Spanish and warn the others about them . This led to Spanish desire to invade Cuba

• Valazques and 300 other conquistadors travel to Cuba to find Hatuey. They need to make an example of him to stop others from rebelling

• Hatuey was captured after 3 months, after refusing the choice to convert to Christianity they burn him at the stake (he was going to die either way)

• Spanish launch invasion on Cuba, they approach villages and get Priest Bartolome to persuade them to give them food and hand over half their village

• Caonoa was large native town on Cuba, Spanish wanted entry to their houses, this was refused by natives. Spanish went wild and slaughtered many natives, called massacre of Caonoa

• Massacre of Caonoa was a turning point, any resistance from natives would be treated with violence. Bartolome turned against Spanish and tried to help natives

• Spanish settled on Cuba, Conquistadors rewarded with land and ecomiondo system set up, natives used as slaves mining for gold, on farms and soldiers for further exploration

• Spanish created a number of towns, including Santiago de Cuba (1514 and the capital) and Havana is 1515

Magellans voyage narrative (1519-22)

• a sea route to spice islands has still not been found, the new King Charles I wants to find a route and claim them as spains, he employed Magellan a Portuguese defector

• In September 1519 Magellan set sail with 5 ships, heavily armed and 270 men

• The sailors set off for the south of South America and spend the winter trying to find a way across, there were mutiny’s on 3 of the ships, the Santiago is shipwrecked

• Magellan decides on a route and has a disagreement with the captain of the San Antonio and he returns to Spain, the 3 remaining ships sail through Sraits of Magellan. Many crew die from scurvy and malnutrition

• In march 1521 they land in Honoham in the East. A month later Magellan and many others are killed in a battle with the natives, Concepcion is burned as there isn’t enough crew left, the Trinidad remains for repairs and is then shipwrecked by Portuguese

• The Victoria heads back to Spain alone, captained by Juan Encano

• On his return Encano was rewarded with 500 gold crowns and a coat of arms with an image of the globe on

• Spain could now claim the Spice islands for themselves as they had found a western route, this voyage also brought prestige to Spain as they were the first to circumnavigate the world

Cortes’s expedition of Mexico - narrative

• whilst in Cuba the Spanish receive reports for more gold from mainland, valesquez wanted more glory for Spain by claiming land + spreading Christianity

• Valezquez appointed Cortes as commander of expedition to mainland but only for trade, valezquez had his doubts about Cortes and wa skiing to remove him but Cortes heard bout this and left before he could

• In February 1519 Cortes set sail with 11 ships and 600 Spanish and Europeans (soldiers, sailors carpenters, women priests and slaves)

• Cortes landed in mainland march 1519, he claimed the Yucatan peninsula for Spain and converted natives to Christianity

• In April 1519 the Spanish clashed with the Tabascan natives, Spanish won and took control of there virtually called Pontochan, they made peace and gave the Spanish gifts including interpreter

• Cortes re-astabllished settlement called Vera Cruz, this was beyond what he was told to do, some Spanish tried to steal ships and go back ri Cuba but he caught them, hung some of them and sunk the ships

• In August / September Cortes continued making war with natives, the compoalans join Spanish against mutual enemy the aztecs, more natives grouped join them

• By end of September 1519 Cortes had created several alliances with natives who wanted to attack Aztec’s. Cortes had sunk his ships so could not leave he was committed to exploring and conquering Mexico

Spanish conquest of Mexico 1519-21 narrative

• montezuma was emperor of aztecs and had been monitoring Cortes in the new world

• Montenzuma sent ambassadors to Cortes with gifts and invited them to Tenochtitlan, the capital, they gave them a specific route to follow through Cholula which the the Spanish were wary of so Cortes took warriors with him

• When they arrived in Cholula they received no welcome and so became more suspicious

• Cortes meets with Cholulan rulers who admit they had been asked to attack them but wouldn’t, Cortes captures the leaders and massacre many of the people

• After they go on to Tenochtitlan where they were treated like royals

• The Spanish felt outnumbered so captured Montezuma and made him a puppet ruler, Cortes put images of Virgin Mary on top of temples and Montezuma forced to acknowledge King Charles I of Spain as leader

• In 1520 1000 Spanish landed at Vera Cruz on instruction from Valezques, Cortes left to go fight them and won, the surviving Spanish joined him

• Alvarado who Cortes had left in charge was worried about an attack from the Aztecs and so he killed some nobles at a feast, Montezuma was killed by his people and the Aztecs chased out the Spanish many killed on both sides, called the night of tears

• Cortes and survivors regrouped at lake Texcoco and began to take over Tenochtitlan, thousands were already dead from diseases and starvation, the Spanish killed all the Aztecs they could find and the city was there in August 1521

• The Aztec empire had fallen and natives tribes began fighting each other again, they looked to Spanish for solutions and so Spanish control in Mexico increased due to this and their control of Tenochtitlan

When did Cortes formally receive his title?

• in 1523 he became governor + captain general

• Four royal officials went with him and they had a secret code to communicate the the council of Indies (council set up by Isabelle and Ferdinand to study problems of colonisation, based in Spain)

How did Cortes strengthen Spanish control in the new world?

• continued to kill native leaders and priests brutally

• Forced chiefs to pay tribute to Spanish in form of gold + maize

• Destroyed remaining temples and re- built Tenochtitlan and called it Mexico City

• Developed agriculture and imported goods from Spain, wanted to rely less on Caribbean islands

• Industry developed like gunpowder, sugar cain and iron ore

• Spread Christianity, asked for Friars to come from Spain to help convert natives

• Encouraged further exploration for new settlements and gold

• gave land to Spanish settlers and set up encomiondo system

Why was Cortes removed as Governor from the new world?

• valezquez was his enemy and Cortes had to leave Tenochtitlan to fight Spanish from Cuba

• Rumours of his greed got back to Spain, people saying he was hoarding wealth and treasure as little gold was coming out of Mexico

• King Charles I wanted to control him, he was worried about the control Cortes had and needed a trusted and loyal govenor in the new world

Aztecs living under Spanish rule - violence and death

• Aztec leaders killed

• Encomienda system- many worked to death farming and mining

• Small pox outbreaks led to millions of deaths - also lead to famine as less people to farm land

Aztecs under Spanish rule - culture + religion

• Aztec leaders killed, new leaders had to be found from Spanish

• Tenochtitlan destroyed and Aztec buildings torn town, replaced with Spanish style buildings

• Spanish forbade human sacrifice and tore temples down, Aztec religion was destroyed

• Friars (missionary ) sent to convert Aztecs, many thought the Christian Gods had beaten their Aztec gods

Aztecs under Spanish rule - living conditions

• Encomienda system set up lead to forced labour

• Had to grow new crops and animal farming was introduced

• Aztecs used to being in hierarchy, Spanish used this to take control

• Native women became mistresses of Spanish + led to mixed children

• Aztecs introduced to Spanish alphabet + language, could now tell their history and get involved in trade

• Had to pay tribute to Spanish

Pizarro’s first expedition

• November 1524

• Pizarro + Almagro alone with 80 men walk by foot from panema down to Peru, they didn’t find any treasure

• Almagro lost an eye in a fight with natives

• Mangrove swamps put them off settling there

Pizarros second expedition (1526-27)

• Pizarro explores new land, Almagro returns to panema for reinforcement, Ruiz sails south and crosses equator

• Pizarro camps with men exhausted by the San Juan river, Almagro arrives with supplies, Ruiz finds and captures a native raft and takes textiles and pottery, captures natives as interpreters, told about gold far south

• All reach Atacamas, Struves hostile and dangerous

• Pizarro taken to safety of Isla del Gallo by Ruiz

• Ruiz and Almagro return to Panama, taking gold and silver with them and asking for help

• The governor of Panama sends a rescue mission which Pizarro refuses to leave with

• 13 men stay with him, the rest return to Panama

• Pizarro and men reach Tumbes and are welcomed by natives , they see evidence of gold silver etc

• Pizarro sails south to Santa river , decided to return to Panama and equip for 3rd mission

Pizarros 3rd expedition

• govener of Panama refuses to give permission

• Pizarro went to Spain to make direct request of king - Charles I

• He took with him gold, silver, cloth some natives and llamas

• 25 July 1529. King grants Pizarro a license ‘to discover and conquer Peru’

• Gave Pizarro governship of Peru

• Dec 1530 - 3 ships carrying 180 men, arms , provisions and 27 horses sailed from Panama to Peru

Small pox impact in Peru

• had no natural immunity so members of Army, generals and other important people were killed by smallpox

• Killed everyday people also

• Made it easier to Pizarro to take over Inca empire as there armies wee much weaker and many important people already dead

Who was Huayna Capac and how did he die? (Topic 3)

• he was an Inca king and son of an Inca king

• Died from small pox along with many of his advisers and generals

What was a consequence of Huaynas death? (Topic 3)

• he left the empire to his two sons (Atahuallps and Huascar)

• They split the region into two and a civil war broke out

• Atahuallpa defeated Huascars army

• Atahuallpa was afraid Huascar would join the Spanish so he killed him

Why was the civil war and advantage to Pizarro? (Topic 3)

• it gave him a chance to seize power while it was divided and weakened by disease

Battle of Cajamarca - Nov 1532 (topic 3)

• Spanish arrived early + hid their men in ambush positions in the square

• Atahuallpa offered a bible by Friar vicente but through it on the ground, arguing that the Christian’s God was no better than that of Incas God

• When Vincente argued that the Incas were heretics, they were ambushed by the Spanish ‘killing them like ants’

• Thousands were killed and Atahuallpa was taken prisoner

Revolt of the Incas ? (Topic 3)

• as Pizarro moved from Cajamarca to Cuzco, he was welcomed by natives / inhabitants

• Many nobles had hated Atahuallpa rule, others were glad the Spaniards had ended the civil

• Pizarro had Mango, younger son of Huanya, crowned as new Inca looked like Inca traditions were going to be respected and life would continue as normal

The siege of Cuzco (topic 3)

• 10,000 Inca warriors faced 150 Spanish and 1000 natives

• Inca warriors broke into town and try to drive out Spanish, but Spanish put fires out

• Spanish used the cavalry to attack Inca warriors

• Spanish captured the fortress of Sacsahuaman from Incas , which Inca army besieged

• The siege ended when Spanish forces exploring Chile returned

• Mango withdrew and established a separate kingdom ( neo Inca state ) lasted until 1572

Why did Incas revolt? (Topic 3)

• using mango Inca as a puppet ruler and not giving him any real power

• Murder of Inca generals and leaders, some of whom were deliberately burned to death

• Casual raping of Inca women , including mango’s wife by Spanish

• Spanish looting scared temples for gold objects

• Melting down of thousands of sacred golden objects into blocks gold

• Insults directed at manco Inca and other nobles including imprisoning manco

What were the consequences off the Inca conquest ? (Topic 3)

• Pizarro and other conquistadors forced their way further into Peru, spreading death and destruction and looting the riches of the country as they established Spanish control

• Thousands of Incas were killed or injured in warfare

• Incas forced to accept bring governed from Spain

• Inca golden objects were melted down and shipped to Spain as blocks of gold, destroying Inca culture

• Millions of Inca women and children died from smallpox and other European diseases

• Inca temples raided and stripped of golf Inca religious leaders killed, Inca religious customs destroyed

• Many Inca leaders killed, other leaders submitted to the Spanish , destroying Inca society