Cerebral Lobes and Subcortical Structures

brodmann map

- divides brain into 52 areas

brodmann areas (BA)

- each numbered area in the brain

- different cellular structures in the anterior vs. posterior

number of layers in the cerebral cortex

- 6

BA of the primary motor cortex

- BA 4

where is the primary motor cortex

- in the precentral gyrus

- in front of the central sulci

function of the primary motor cortex

- each part of this controls different parts of the body

explain "little man" in terms of the primary motor cortex

- has big hands and big face because your hands and face have fine motor movements

- face: moving your tongue slightly to make different sounds / and slightly changing face to make emotions

homunculus

- a maplike representation of regions of the body in the brain

- aka "little man"

premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex

- closely related to primary motor cortex

- selects or plans the motor movement

- ex. plans where your tongue will move to execute the /t/ sound

function of broca's area

- language production

- interpret structure of language

- planning

- organizing

- programming our verbal responses

function of prefrontal cortex

- involved in personality / mood

- high level cognitive control / decision making

- ex. do you need to buy more milk for the rest of the week?

- does not fully develop until teenage years / early 20s; slow developing

parietal lobe

- processes sensory information, reading/writing, spatial orientation / perception

BA of the primary sensory cortex

- BA 1, 2 and 3

where is the primary sensory cortex

- in the postcentral gyrus

- behind the central sulci

function of the primary sensory cortex

- the feeling of sensation

- ex. touch, cold air, driving a different car and feeling the different pressure of the brakes on it

function of supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus

- involved in reading and writing

- decoding the language and mapping the sound with the letter

temporal lobe

- involved in lots of speaking and hearing function

function of wernicke's area

- language comprehension in written or spoken language

- attaching meaning to sound

BA of the primary auditory cortex

- BA 41 and 42

function of the primary auditory cortex

- first cortical region that we see auditory information from the auditory nerve

- aka, initial sound processing

- organized tonotopically (like the cochlea), different frequencies are processed at different parts

location of the primary auditory cortex

- heschl's gyrus

BA of the visual cortex

- BA 17, 18, and 19

ventral stream

- "what" path

- recognizing objects

- ex. big small, blue or black, etc.

where does the ventral stream run

- occipital to temporal

dorsal stream

- "where" pathway

- motion processing/spatial relationship

- ex. understanding how fast or slow a car is coming and knowing when you can cross the street

the ventral and dorsal stream or both located in the _____ lobe and have to do with _____

- occipital

- vision

where does the dorsal stream run

- occipital to parietal

function of the visual cortex

- first area to receive visual information

function of the cerebellum

- coordinates movement and maintains balance

- think about the joke that clumsy people have something wrong with this

- can also learn new motor skills (ex. riding a bike or a new sport)

hallmark feature of ataxia

- discoordinated or clumsy movements

what results from damages to the cerebellum

- ataxia

- ataxic dysarthria

hallmark features of ataxic dysarthria

- slurred speech

- slow speech

- sounds like they are drunk

what is the basal ganglia

- a mass of gray matter

- know that this is not one thing, it has multiple nuclei (grey matter) that makes up this

function of the basal ganglia

- regulates motor function

- fine motor control, has to do with motor function

what happens if the basal ganglia is damaged

- motor difficulties, trouble initiating movement or involuntary movements (ex. just standing)

- ex. people with parkinson's can't control their trembling

what makes up the diencephalon

- thalamus

- hypothalamus

function of the thalamus

- elevates and directs sensory information to the cortex

- think about it like "a sensory relay center," or a "bus hub"

- all information goes through here BEFORE the sensory motor cortex

function of the hypothalamus

- controls major biological functions:

- autonomic functions

- regulatory functions (ex. BP, body temp)

- endocrine system (ex. pituitary gland regulates hormones)

- emotional functions

where is wernicke’s area

- temporal lobe

where is broca’s area

- frontal lobe

BA of wenicke’s area

- 22

BA of broca’s area

- BA 44, 45