AP bio final

Mean

Average

Median

Middle of numbers

Mode

Most often

High Standard deviation

High variation in points

Low standard deviation

Low variation in points

Standard deviation equation

S= sqrt((data-mean)² / degrees of freedom-1))

High SEM

More inaccurate mean

Low SEM

More accurate mean

SEM equation

SE= standard deviation / sqrt of degrees of freedom

SEM bars touching

No significant differences

Standard deviation 1

Mean - standard deviation and mean + standard deviation

Standard deviation 2

Mean - (2)standard deviation and mean + (2)standard deviation

Standard deviation 3

Mean - (3)standard deviation and mean + (3)standard deviation

Heat capacity

Amount of heat needed to make 1g of water 1c hotter

Heat of vaporization

Heat needed to vaporize water

Good solvent

Being able to dissolve polar things

4 degrees c

When water starts freezing

Lattice structure

Formation water forms when frozen, hydrogen bonds push water molecules apart

Thermal inversion

Top of a lake is frozen and water at the bottom is warmest

CO2

Not organic

Hydrocarbons

Chains of carbons with hydrogens attached

Isomeres

Same chemical formula but different structures

Carbohydrates

Energy storage and structure

Cellulose

Cell wall

Glycogen

Storage of energy in animals

Starch

Storage of energy in plants

Chitin

Fungal cell walls

Monosaccharide

Monomer of carbohydrates

Amino acid

Monomer of protein

Amino group, R group, central carbon, and carboxyl group

What makes up an amino acid

N-terminus and C-terminus

Sides of amino acids

Pleated sheets and helix

Structure of secondary proteins

Tertiary structure

R groups interacting, polar and non polar parts

CHON(S)

What proteins consist of

Disulfide bridge

S bonds that form in proteins to stabilize it

CHO

lipids and carbohydrates consist of

Ribose

5 carbon sugar in RNA

Deoxyribose

5 carbon sugar in DNA

Oxygen in sugar

Deoxyribose has one less than ribose, making it more stable and closer

Nucleotide

Monomer of Nucleic acids

CHONP

nucleic acids consist of

Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, sugar

What Nucleic acids are made of

Saturated fat

Solid at room temp, no double bonds

Unsaturated fat

Liquid at room temp, double bonds

Peptide bond

Bond between amino acids

Phosphodiester linkage

Bonds between nucleotides

Glycosidic linkage

Bonds between carbohydrates

Ester bond

Bonds between lipids

Purines

Double ringed nitrogenous bases

Adenine and guanine

The two purines

Pyrimidines

Single ringed nitrogenous base

Cytosine and thymine

The two Pyrimidines

3 hydrogen bonds

Guanine and cytosine

2 hydrogen bonds

Adenine and thymine

Uracil and adenine

Bond in RNA

40% Phospholipids, 10% cholesterol, 50% protein

Components of cell membrane

Cholesterol

liposteroid that makes the membrane more pact

Small hydrophobic molecules

Can go through cell membrane

Big and hydrophilic

Cannot go through cell membrane

Glycolipid

Sticks out of membrane to detect things

Glycoprotein

Sticks out to cell communication

Surface/peripheral proteins

Proteins on outside

Integral proteins

Proteins that go through membrane

Transmembrane alpha helix

Signal/receiver through membrane

Transmembrane beta barrel

Protein pumps

Fluid mosaic model

Diagram of a moment in time

Solution

Solvent and solute

Concentration

Amount of solute per solvent

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport of large molecules through protein channels

Conformation

Changing shape but still working

Voltage gate

Example of facilitated diffusion, opens and closes based on potential difference

Ligand gate

Molecule binds to receptor and opens gate

Osmosis

Movement of water

Aquaporines

Proteins that move water

Cotransport

Two particles moving at same time

Symport

Two particles moving in same direction

Antiport

Two particles moving in different directions

Sodium potassium pump

Cotransport that does conformation

Sodium glucose transport

Secondary transport that happens after sodium potassium pump

Secondary transport

Transport protein that relies on other to function

Receptor mediated

Particles bump receptors and something happens

Isotonic

Cell is at equilibrium

Hypotonic

Outside has lower solute than cell

turgid

Hypotonic in plants

Flaccid

Isotonic in plants

Hypertonic

More solute outside than in cell

Plasmolysis

Hypertonic in plants

Lyse

Cell bursting

Cytolysis

Cell swelling

Water potential

Measures ability of water molecules to move freely in a solution

Free water

Water not associated with solute

decreased water potential

more solute

Increased water potential

Less solute

Distilled water

No solute

Osmotic concentration

Amount of solute in solution

Ψp

Pressure potential, assumed 0 unless said otherwise

Ψs

Solute potential, =iCRT

i

Ionized constant, sucrose is 1

C

Molar concentration (moles/liters)

R

.0831, pressure constant