A & P review

Define anatomy and physiology and relate them to each other.

Anatomy is the study of shape and structure of the body and body parts while physiology is the study of function. When it relates to each other you study the shape (anatomy) of the heart and the function (physiology) of the heart

List and define the non-invasive methods for studying anatomy.

• Inspection: Looking for abnormalities

• Auscultation: listening to the area

• Percussion: Tapping on an area and listening to the sound

• Palpation: Touching, pressing or kneading the area

What is comparative anatomy?

study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution

What is medical imaging

viewing the inside of the body without surgery

Define radiology

branch of medicine concerned with imaging

What is true about x-rays?

They are over half of all medical imaging

What are digital subtraction angiography useful for?

Showing blockages and blood flow and good for dentistry, visualizing bones, mammography, etc

What kind of images do CT scans make and what are they useful for?

Produces a slice-type image and has an increased sharpness and are useful for identifying tumors, aneurysms etc.

What are MRI’s and why are they the best?

Uses electromagnets to make images and have a superior quality to CT scan and no X-Ray

What do fMRIs show?

They show real time of changes in the brain

What do PET scans asses? And how do damaged tissues appear in a PET scan

metabolic state of tissue and they appear dark

What are sonography’s?

Uses sound waves to make images, but the images are not sharp and second oldest and second most widely used

List and briefly describe each characteristic of life.

• Metabolism

• Homeostasis

• Reproduction

• Development

• Organization

• Responsiveness

• Cellular composition

• Movement

• Evolution

List the levels of human structure from most complex to simplest.

• Organism

• Organ system

• Organ

• Tissue

• Cell

• Organelle

• Macromolecule

• Molecule

• Atom

What do anatomy books show?

They show most common organization of structure

What is homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain internal stability

When is the body functioning properly?

When it is in a homeostatic balance

What are the components of a feedback loop?

• Stimulus

• Receptor

• Control center

• Effector

Define receptor

Structure that senses change in the body

Define control ( intergrating) center

Processes sensory information, “makes a decision,” and directs the response

Define effector

Cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

Define negative feedback, give an example of it, and explain its importance in homeostasis.

Negative feedback loops oppose changes that are being made and goes in the opposite direction of the imbalance

An example of it would be temperature regulation meaning that when temperature goes up outside of the body a response is to sweat to cool down the body

Homeostasis is usually controlled by negative feedback

Define positive feedback and give examples.

Positive feedback accepts changes being made and will allow body to continue the change and example would be contractions during birth

Understand and be able to identify each component of the feedback loop in the image

Define biochemistry

The study of the molecule that compose living organisms

What is an element?

Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

What elements make up the human body?

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus

How much body weight do minerals take up?

4% of body weight

What purpose do valence electrons serve?

They orbit in the outermost shell and determine chemical bonding properties of an atom

What is an ion?

Charges particle( atom or molecule) with unequal number of protons and electrons

Discuss the importance of valence electrons.

It is important because it determines the chemical bonding properties of an atom

Define Anion

Particle that has a net negative charge (due to gain of electrons)

Define cation

Particle that has a net positive charge (due to loss of electrons)

What is the process of how cations and anions are formed?

ionization which is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Ions with different charges are ?

Attracted to each other

Define electrolytes

Substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current

What is the most important considerations in patient care

electrolyte balance

Define free radicals

Short-lived particles with an unusual number of electrons

How are free radicals created?

Produced by normal metabolic reactions, radiation, certain chemicals

Define antioxidants

Chemicals that neutralize free radicals

Give examples of antioxidants

Selenium, vitamins E & C, and carotenoids

Define ionic bonds

Transfer of electrons

Define covalent bonds

Sharing electrons and are bonded together cannot be broken easily

Which are easier to separate ionic or covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds

What are the two types of covalent bonds

Non-polar covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds

Define non-polar covalent bonds and characteristics

Electrons are shared equally and the electrons are equally attracted to all elements / Also they are strongest type of bond

Define polar covalent bonds and characteristics

Electrons are shared unequally and the electrons in a bond are more attracted to one element

Is water a polar or non-polar molecule

Polar molecule

How much of body weight is water

50-75%

Define mixture

substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined

What type of mixture is body fluid?

Complex mixture of chemicals

Define solution

Substances that are chemically combined and cannot be unmixed

What two things do a solution consist of

Solvent and solute

Define solvent

a substance that dissolves “stuff”

What is a common solvent and is called the universal solvent

water

Define solute

the substance being dissolved (usually a solid)

List the properties of water

• Solvency

• Cohesion

• Adhesion

• Chemical reactivity

• Thermal stability

Define solvency

Ability to dissolve other chemicals

Define cohesion

Like molecules cling to each other

Why is water cohesive?

Because of its hydrogen bonds

How does surface film happen on water

Happens because of molecules being held together by surface tension

Define adhesion

Different molecules cling to each other

Define chemical reactivity

Ability to participate in chemical reactions

Define thermal stability

stabilization of the internal temperature of the body

Define acid

Releases H+ ions (protons) in water

The stronger the acid , the more H^+ ions there will be in solution

Define base

Accepts H+ ions

The stronger the the base, the less H^+ ions there will be in a solution

What does the pH scale range from

0 being most acidic to 14 being most basic

What is a neutral pH?

7.0

As pH increases –) hydrogen ion concentration ____

decrease

As pH decrease –) hydrogen ion concentration ____

increases

Define pH

measurement of molarity of h^+

What happens to H+ concentration as pH moves up and down

A change of one number on the pH scale represents a 10- cold change in H+ concentration

Are disturbances in pH are very disruptive to physiology?

yes very!

How are acid base homeostasis maintained?

Buffers

Define buffers

chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

Define chemical reaction

Process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken

What are the 3 types of chemical reactions

• Synthesis

• Decomposition

• Exchange reaction

What is the ABCD for synthesis reaction

A + B = AB

What is the ABCD for decomposition reaction

AB= A + B

What is the ABCD for exchange reaction

AB + CD = AC + BD

Define decomposition reaction

large molecule broken down into two or more smaller molecules

Define synthesis reaction

two or more reactants are combined to form a larger reactant

Define exchange reaction

two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms

Explain dehydration synthesis

During dehydration synthesis monomers join to form polymers and water is released as a by product

Explain hydrolysis

The use of water to break polymers into monomers

Define metabolism

all chemical reactions of the body

Define catabolism

Breaks bonds = energy release (exergonic)

Define anabolism

forms bonds = energy required (endergonic)

____ is driven by energy released by ____

Anabolism, catabolism

What specific type of bond is found between the atoms of a water molecule?

covalent bond and hydrogen bonds is what does this

Define organic chemistry

The study of compounds containing carbon

What are the four categories of organic carbon compounds

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Define carbohydrates

hyrdrophillic organinc molecules

Why are carbohydrates good for energy

Because they act as quickly mobilized sources of energy

What do oxidized carbohydrates make?

ATP

What are the different carbohydrates?

• Monosaccharides

• Disaccharides

• Oligosaccharides

• Polysaccharides

Define monosaccharides and function

Simplest carbohydrates and act as monomers which are building blocks for larger molecules

What are the three important monosaccharides?

Glucose, galactose, fructose

Glucose, galactose and fructose are all what of each other?

Isomers

Define disaccharides

Sugars made of two covalently bonded monosaccharides