Why Maps Matter exam 1

Mercator Projection

a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder, preserves shape, distorts size, original purpose was for navigation

Gall-Peters Projection

equal area projection that distorts the shape of land masses (looks stretched out)

Winkel Tripel Projection

[most common for world maps today] balances size and shape while reducing distortion

cognitive mapping

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. the acquisition and processing of information about relative locations we experience and how they relate. (a process of psychological transformations that occur in any individual's mind.)

Wayfinding

The process of using spatial and environmental information to navigate to a destination.

Psychogeography

the study of the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organized or not, on the emotions and behavior of individuals

Information definition

anything that can be known, all facts and knowledge of the world

intelligence

a type of information that is processed for a certain use, focused on proximate reality. it is a process, product, and organization

All intelligence is information, but the reverse is not true

Information vs. intelligence

geospatial intelligence (De Jure)

the exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information to describe, assess, visually depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on the earth

3 components of geospatial intelligence

imagery, imagery intelligence, geospatial information

why, how, when geospatial intelligence is used

Policymaking, natural disaster, crisis mapping, geosurveillance

small scale

shows large areas of land and small amounts of detail

large scale

shows small areas of land and large amounts of detail

point

shows something static, single location of data

Dot Distribution Map

A map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomenon. These points represent both a location and a value. In this map

proportional circle map

The size of the circle represents how strong the theme is in an area. The different size of the dot here represents a different total of the thing being measured and represented.

isoline map

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

choropleth map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.

dasymetric map

a map that uses statistics and additional information to delineate areas of homogeneous values, rather than following administrative boundaries

flow map

a type of map that is often used to depict the interaction between places

contour map

a map that shows elevation using lines. (type of isoline map)

Proportional Symbol Map

Type of map that uses a symbol in varying sizes to show the magnitude of a characteristic

cartogram

maps where the actual administrative boundaries and shapes are replaced by proportional squares, circles, resized land area representing density

BP timescale

Before Present - uses 1 January 1950 as commencement date of this age scale (radiocarbon dating became possible)

Ancient Map of Catalhoyuk

found in Central Turkey, shows neolithic town 9000 years ago, called world's oldest known map

Babylonian Map of the World

700-500 BC, one of oldest surviving "mobile" maps

Madaba Map

6th century AD, carpet mosaic from church in Jordan, oldest map/cartographic depiction of Jerusalem

Ebstorf Map

show's christ's head, hands, and feet at the extremities of the world (produced germany)

Nilometer

A device used to measure the Nile's water levels

Eratosthenes

calculated the circumference of the earth

Longitude/meridian

Imaginary lines that run from the North to South Pole (top-bottom) around the world

Latitude (parallels)

distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees

Graticule

a network of lines representing meridians and parallels, on which a map or plan can be represented (longitude and latitude)

Topography

description of a place; configuration of the surface of the earth

topo

place

relief

the contour of some part of the surface of the earth considered with reference to variations in its elevation

terrain

a tract of country considered with regard to its natural features and configuration, especially in regards to specific purposes (military use)

topographic map

more than just a relief map, but always includes relief. use of elevation contour lines to show the shape of the Earth's surface

triangulation

selection of a baseline of known length. The angles between the lines of sight from the baseline's endpoints to a distant landmark are then measured. These distances are then used as new baselines

The Longitude Problem

used a seaworthy clock to calculate longitude

The Prime Meridian

the planet's meridian adopted as the zero of longitude (Greenwich)

Great Trigonometric Survey of India

led to the most complex mathematical equations known to pre-computer age and led to the discovery of the world's highest mountain

Networks

an interconnected group or system of intersecting lines or channels

graphs

a connection of nodes and links

2 Elements of a Network

nodes and edges

nodes

vertices

edges

links with directions

point map

only data. We can use any symbol that we want to represent our points. ex. dot distribution map.

Line data

refers to anything we could represent along a line. Things like roads and rivers are common on maps and are good examples of this (metro system).

Polygon/thematic maps

basic symbology of different colors. ex. choropleth map and dasymetric

Mollweide Projection

An equal-area map which shows the correct size of landmasses in relation to other landmasses but distorts shape. Used for depicting area as accurate as possible. Used for Geospatial analysis

Robinson Projection

A projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

The first Western printed map located?

a woodcut illustrating the geography section in the Etymologiae (appeared in Germany)

terrestrial globe

the oldest known European Globe (Portuguese 15th century)

The groma

The earliest surveying tools used to create maps. A surveying instrument of the Roman agrimensores, who were the land surveyors of the time

the astrolabe

one of the first really important tools to measure latitude. One of the last evolution in tools that we use

Eratosthenes in Egypt

The first person to really try to get an idea of the size of the Earth was a few hundred years before the Common Era,

graticule

used to identify specific locations on the Earth's surface and recall different tools used by surveyors

Carte de Cassini.

TERRAIN MAPPING - Cassini family created the first map of France to be based on the triangulation of the country that the family had initiated. first accurate cartographic survey of an entire nation on Earth

trigonometrical survey of India.

This project involved several thousand Indians. And it was named the Great Trigonometrical Survey in 1819 and covered more than 1,600 miles (result of the survey lead to mapping of mount Everest)

Latitude

horizontal lines

Longitude

vertical lines

Terrain Mapping

topography and terrain

Seven Bridges of Königsberg

Euler's solution of the Königsberg bridge problem. Considered to be the first theorem of graph theory and the first true proof in the theory of networks. Formerly in Prussia, but is now known as Kaliningrad and is in Russia

Harry Beck (Beck's Map)

Octilinearity. The most significant trait of transit maps to be their geographical distortion. Influenced the design of many Metro maps across the globe. (designer of the iconic London Underground map)

Octilinearity

Every line on the map is drawn in one of only eight directions, which are in multiples of 45 degrees, and it aims to reduce geographic congruence to increase clarity.