Zanzot final exam

What is the "secret organism"?

Faucaria tigrina

what is biodiversity?

number of species, genera, etc.

What is systematics?

putting living species into an order

what does monophyletic mean?

a lineage with a common ancestor

what does holophyletic mean?

a lineage that includes *all* descendants from a common ancestor

what does paraphyletic mean?

including some but not all descendants of a single common ancestor?

what does polyphyletic mean?

a lineage or trait found in independent lineages

what are the two domains of prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archea

what does coccus look like?

spherical

what does bacillus look like?

rod

what does spirillus look like?

spiral

what bacteria cells resemble a "cluster of grapes"?

staphylo

a "twisted chain" of bacteria is called,

strepto

what is the function of the capsule in bacteria?

to protect cells from engulfment

what is the function of fimbriae in bacteria?

help attach bacteria to it's host

what is the function of the pillus (pili) in bacteria?

horizontal gene transfer

what is the function of flagella in bacteria?

movement

explain *transformation* in bacteria reproduction

plasmids are taken up freely from the environment

explain *conjugation* in bacteria reproduction

plasmids passed via pili from bacteria to bacteria

explain *transduction* in bacteria reproduction

virus-mediated gene transfer

what are photoautotrophs?

organisms that use sunlight to feed themselves

what are photoheterotrophs?

organisms that use sunlight for energy, no calvin cycle

what are chemoautotrophs?

organisms that harvest biomass for energy

what is the most famous bacteria?

pathogenic bacteria

what does "free-living" mean?

doesn't require a host

what does "mutualistic" mean?

may live in a close, mutually beneficial relationship with another organism

what does "decomposer" mean?

breaking down of biomass

what does "biofilms" mean?

microbial ecosystem
functioning together, waster of 1 bacterium is starting for another

what are the kingdoms in domain bacteria?

proteobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes, cyanobacteria, and gram-positive bacteria

what are the kingdoms in domain archea?

korarchaeotes, eukarchaeotes, crenarcheotes, and nanoarcheotes

what are some diseases caused by bacteria?

Tuberculosis, Lyme disease, cholera, and tetanus

Why are prokaryotes not a taxon?

not monophyletic, Archaea form a clade with Eukarya

How are prokaryotes more diverse than Eukarya?

Metabolically\>>greater diversity\>>older than Eukarya

What does it mean to be a eukaryote?

sexual life cycles, unicelluarity, colonial and true multicellularity

Why are protists not considered a "good" kingdom?

they are polyphyletic and paraphyletic

what are the four clades of protists?

Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta

Which protist clades are paraphyletic?

Archaeplastida (contains Plantae) Unikonta (contains Animalia and Fungi)

What are some characteristics of a protist?

usually unicellular or colonial, a few are truly multicellular

Protozoans are:

plant-like

Algae are:

plants like AND photosynthetic

what is Giardia lamblia?

an intestinal parasite of humans and other vertebrates

What is Trichomonas Vaginalis?

human urogenital disease

What is Trichonympha?

termite gut

What is Tripanosoma brucei?

African sleeping sickness (vector\=tsetse fly)

What is Gymnodinium?

"red tide" found in oyster bodies

What is Plasmodium?

casual agents of malaria (vector\=mosquito)

What is Entamoeba?

brain-eating amoeba

What Rhizarian forms the White Cliffs of Dover?

Formanifera

What are the Crown Eukaryotes?

Plants, Fungi, and Animals

What are the shared characteristics in plants?

sporic meiosis, photoautotrophic or secondarily heterotrophic, sporophyte and gametophyte generations present, tissue level of organization

what are some evolutionary trends in plants?

Gametophyte dominant --\> sporophyte dominant, nonvascular--\> vascular, seedless--\>naked seeds--\>seeds in fruits

Bryophytes are \_________ plants, found near \_________, with a \_______ dominant generation

nonvascular, wetlands, gametophyte

what are the 3 phyla in the Bryophytes? (know life cycle)

Bryophyta (true mosses)
Heptatophyta (liverworts)
Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

Seedless vascular plants are \_____ dominant

sporophyte

What are the 3 phyla in seedless vascular?

Psilophyta, Equisetophyta, Pterophyta (know Pterophyta life cycle)

Gymnosperms are \______ dominant

sporophyte

What phyla are in the gymnosperms?

Gnetophyta, Ginkophyta, Cycadophyta, and Coniferophyta (know Coniferophyta life cycle)

Angiosperms are the \_____ plants

flowering/fruiting

What are the shared characteristics of Fungi?

zygotic meiosis, heterotrophic by assimilation, reproduction by means of sexual and asexual spores, tissue level of organization

What are some evolutionary trends in fungi?

coenocytic--\> septate
flagellated--\>loss of flagella
all microscopic--\>some macroscopic

What phyla are included in Fungi?

Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Glomeromycota, Chytridiomycota, Basidiomycota, plus, lichens and imperfect fungi

What are shared characteristics of animals?

gametic meiosis, heterotrophic by ingestion, cellular, tissue, or organ level of organization

what are evolutionary trends in animals?

asymmetry-\>radial symmetry-\>bilateral symmetry;
diploblastic-\>triploblastic;
cellular LO-\>tissueLO-\>organ LO;
acoelmate, pseudocoelmate, eucoelomate

What is in Radiata?

Phylum Porifera

What is in Bilateria?

P. Ctenophora and P. Cnidaria

What is in the Lophotrochozoa?

P. Platyhelminthes, P. Nemertea, P. Rotifera, P. Gastrotricha, P. Annelida, P. Molluska, P. Phoronida, P.Ectoprocta, P. Brachiopoda

What is in the Echdysozoa?

P. Nematoda, P. Nematomorpha, P. Arthropoda

What are the subphyla of P. Arthropoda?

Chelicerata and Mandibulata

What is included in the Chelicerata?

Merostomata, Arachnida, Pycnogonida

What is included in the Mandibulata?

Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda

Echinodermata are

secondarily radial deuterostomes

Characteristics of P. Echinoderm include:

"spiny skin", all marine, pentamerous radial symmetry, endoskeleton formed of calcareous plates within integument (dermal ossicles), pedicellariae, oral/aboral axis, little sensory development, autonomy (self-cutting) and regeneration

What is the madreporite?

"sieve plate"

what is the function of "ampullae" in Echinoderms?

locomotion, they are inflated with water for movement

What are the function of tube-feet in Echinoderms?

locomotion, feeding, and respiration

C. Asteroida are commonly called

sea stars

What are the two stomachs in a sea star? Which one is eversible?

pyloric and cardiac(eversible)

How much of a sea star does it take to completely regenerate another one?

1 arm and 1/5 of the central disk

Class Ophiuroida are commonly called

brittle stars, serpent stars, and basket stars

which is the largest class and most mobile of Echinoderms?

Class Ophiuroida

Class Echinoida are commonly called

urchins, sand dollars, or sea biscuits

what are characteristics of C. Echinoida?

dermal ossicles fused into a test, moveable spines

What is Mellita quinquiekporforata?

5 holded sand dollar

Class Holothuroidea are commonly called

sea cucumbers, sea pigs

characteristics of C. Holothuroidea include,

reduced dermal ossicles, extended oral/aboral arms, some bilateral symmetry, spacious coelom, evisceration for defense (ejection of guts)

Class Crinoidea are commonly called

sea lilies and sea feathers

characteristics of C. Crinoidea include,

arms with pinnacles, filter feeders, some are sessile and some are stalked

Class Concentricycloidea are commonly called

sea daisies

characteristics of sea daisies include,

tube feet but no arms, found deep in the ocean, simple structure, small, disc-shaped

Phylum Chordata are

eucoelomates, deuterostomes, and bilaterally symmetric

The "Big Four" are...

Notochord, Post-anal tail, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits

Subphylum Urochordata means

"notochord in tail"

what are characteristics of a tunicate?

oral and atrial syphon to filter feed, tadpole-like larva

Subphylum Cephalocordata means

"notochord in head"

What is important to remember about the lancelot?

It exhibits a post-anal tail, dorsal nerve cord, notochord, and pharyngeal gill slits in adult life (know the picture!!)

Subphylum Vertebrata include superclasses, classes, and orders,

SP:Agnatha, SP:Gnathostomata
C: Chondrichthyes
C:Osteochythes
C: Sarcoptergii
C: Actinopterygii
C:Amphibia
O:Anura
O:Caudata
OGymnophiona

What are characteristics of Superclass: Agnatha and what organisms does it include?

cartilaginous fish that lacks jaws, include Hagfish and Lampreys

What are characteristics of Superclass: Gnathostomata?

presence of jaws

What are characteristics of class Chondrichthyes and what organisms does it include?

cartilaginous skeleton with bony teeth that can chew. Includes sharks and rays

What are characteristics of Class: Osteichthyes?

bony fish