bio finals

kms 🥰

biology

biology

the scientific study of life

hypothesis

A suggested answer to a well defined scientific question. It is made before the test takes place. SHOULD BE SPECIFIC AND TESTABLE.

controlled experiment

an experiment that tests the effect of a single variable

independent variable (iv)

in an experiment its the condition that is changed by the scientist

dependent variable (dv)

the variable that is observed or measured in the experiment

control variable/constants

these variables are kept the same in every group participating in the experiment

scientific theory

a theory is a well tested explanation that makes sense for a great variety of scientific observations

scientific law

a truth that is observed in the universe. Laws DO NOT explain.

qualitative data

Quality, description in words

quantitive data

Quantity, descriptions using numbers

application question

describe the study in mimicry, using king and coral snakes. identify the controlled variables in the experiment

Scientists put 2 groups of snakes out in the environment. 1 group was brightly colored, the other was plain brown. PLAIN BROWN WAS THE CONTROL GROUP. They wanted to see which group had the most attacks by predators. Trying to see if there was a benefit to having bright colors. Predators stayed away from the brightly colored group.

application question

apply hypothesis based science to a failed flashlight to fill in the blanks.

observation: the flashlight does not work

question: why doesnt the flashlight work

hypothesis: the batteries are dead

prediction: if i replace the batteries then the flashlight will work

test: replace batteries

test supports hypothesis: the flashlight will work

test does NOT support hypothesis: there is something else wrong with the flashlight

how is communication an important part of science? list benefits of sharing information with one another

doing peer review can help you catch mistakes in your work, also gives you different povs/different mindsets. sharing ur work with others can also be helpful for them, as you might have info they needed (also saves supplies/material)

why is DNAs structure called the double helix

 2 strands - double

twisted shape - helix 

what are the three parts of a nucleotide? which makes up the backbone of a dna strand?

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

two base pairs found in DNA

thymine - adenine

cytosine - guanine

application question

if six bases on one strand of a DNA double helix is AGTCGG, what are the six bases on the complementary section of the other strand of DNA?

TCAGCC

what is DNA replication? describe how DNA replicates by using a template. explain which strands are new / daughter strands, and which are old / parent strands

DNA splits and starts building new DNA on the two old parent strands. DNA makes an identical copy of itself.  One half is old and one half is new on each strand.  The template strands are the parent strands.

protien

3D polymer  made of amino acids 

amino acid

building block, monomer used to make proteins.

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

the molecule made in transcription = mRNA  single stranded, has Uracil instead of Thymine, has ribose sugar. There are also tRNA’s that transfer amino acids to the ribosome

trascription

DNA makes a copy of a gene called mRNA,  DNA→ mRNA, happens in the nucleus

translation

mRNA is used to make a Protein (linked amino acids), mRNA→ Protein, happens at the ribosome.  Involves mRNA, tRNA’s and one ribosome.

codon

3 bases of mRNA,  ex. UGA, AUC

anticodon

3 bases of tRNA,  attached to one amino acid

mutation

a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA,  substitutions swap letters,  deletions/insertions change the number of bases.

DNA →___→protein

mRNA

describe how a mutation could be helpful rather than harmful

a mutation can cause helpful traits, such as immunity to certain virus’, heightened hearing, ect.

how many codons code from the 20 different amino acids? why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon?

64 Total codon, 61 code for amino acids, 3 code for STOPS.  There are more than one codon for some of the amino acids. Example UUA and CUA both code for Leucine

how many start and stop codons are there? what are they? how do they differentiate from other codons?

1 start AUG,  3 stops  UAA, UAG, UGA  The stops don’t add an amino acid they just stop building the protein.

list and describe two types of mutations that can occur within a gene. identify which is more damaging to the protein being built

• Substitution - swap letters, usually just 1 amino acid will be changed

• Insertion and Deletion - Add a letter or remove a letter - These are usually more damaging because they change all of the amino acids after the mutation, causes a frameshift that results in many changed codons. 

application question

how many codons are in the following nucleotide sequences ? how many amino acids would each sequence code for?

a. AAA TCA CGC codons:_____ amino acids:_____

b. ATG CTT TAG GAA codons:_____ amino acids:_____

a. AAA TCA CGC codons: 3 amino acids: 3

b. ATG CTT TAG GAA codons: 4 amino acids: 4

give an explanation of the following:

GAA → GTA

mutation, substitution

what are the DNA REPLICATION pairing rules

A pairs with T

C pairs with G

T pairs with A

G pairs with C

what are the DNA →RNA base pairing rules of TRANSCRIPTION

A pairs with U

C pairs with G

T pairs with G

G pairs with C

what does it mean when they say DNA replication is semi conservative?

its half old (conserved) and half new

cell

smallest level of the structers

tissue

unit of many calls that serve a specific function

organ

unit of many tissues that serve a specific function

organ system

a vital body system made up of multiple organs

organism

highest level of the structure

identify the levels of structure in the body

smallest

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

largest

define homeostasis and its importance

definition - the internal stability or the “body state” maintained by your body

importance - stability in your body keep your organs comfortable and working properly

describe how body temperature homeostasis is regulated by negative feedback

negative feedback triggers a change in conditions that counteracts the change in the body

digestive system function

breaks down and digest foods, extracts nutrients from foods to use throughout the body.

digestive system main structure

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, pancreas, pharynx

circulatory system function

circulates blood and oxygen throughout the body

circulatory system main structure

heart, bloods, arteries, veins, capillaries

excretory system function

removes waste from throughout the body and regulates chemical makeup of the blood

excretory system main structure

kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra

nervous system function

coordinates bodys activities by detecting stimuli and directing the bodys response

nervous system main structure

nerves

endocrine system function

helps secrete hormones that affects the function of target cells, regulating activities of the other organ systems

endocrine system main structure

brain, thyroid, ovaries, testes, pancreas, pituitary thymus, adrenal

reproductive system function

reproduce and makes babies, produces gametes

reproductive system main structure

uterus, ovaries, oviducts, cervix, vagina, testes, scrotum, epidermis, vas deferens, penis

what is the functional unit of a kidney (what filters out the waste?)

nephrons filter out all the waste

antigen

ON the surface of a cell

latches onto antibodies and helps prevent diseases , foreign to the body

antibodies

IN the plasma

lock & key fit with antigens

what is the follow of food throughout the digestive tract (alimentary canal)

mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

what is the path blood flow through the heart takes

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve

what is the function of a valve in veins and the heart ?

prevents backflow and pushes blood forwards.

describe the structure of a neuron and the path information flows in a reflex.

1. sensory neurons detect stimuli

2. signals sent to spinal cord interneurons

3. interneurons process info

4. motorneurons carry response signals to the body