Unit 1 & 2 AP World History

Champa Rice

2 seasons, crop & population increase & surplus, Song dynasty. rice originated in champa vietnam that was drought resistant, harvestable 2/year double agriculture output

Artisans

specialized workers who create materials by hand, relied on by chinese

Scholar gentry

higher class people of that of knowledge, passed down through generations, given seat in court, specialized, education, song dynasty, helped with decisions and knowledge, highly valued at time of confucianisms, threatened aristocracy

Imperial Bureaucracy

governmental entity that carries out the will of the emperor, made up of governors to maintain rule

Woodblock Printing

in china, images imprinted on wood,

Buddhism

rejection of hinduism caste system and vedas(deities), ended the cycle of reincarnation through nirvana, started in India and was non

Theravada Buddhism:

meditation, simplicity, nirvana as rejection of consciousness and self. Related to monks(monkeys), teaching available to only a few

Mahayana Buddhism

more complex but with greater spread Buddhist teaching available to all, compassion. :great ritual, spiritual comfort

Tibetan Buddhism

mystical practices, elaborate deities,

Chan (Zen) Buddhism

Religion. chinese distinction of Buddhism, Japan. Buddhism and Daoism, emphasized direct experience and meditation vs. formal study of scripture, commonly ordinary people, threat to Chinese leaders, foreign religion.

Heian Period

Japan's golden age, classical culture, literature & art, cut off from china. Used Chinese styles in politics art and literature, but created first novel, Tale of Genji by lady murasaki.

Nuclear Families

unites of parents and their children, smallest unit, industrialization, shift to nuclear family structures. Common in veitnemese.

Seljuk Turks

nomadic pastoralists from central asia brought in military force from abbasids, gained political power.

Abbasid Caliphate

Dar al islam, Abu Al-Abbas, no tax, tolerant, bureaucracy, central authority in bahdad, not conquering, battle of tales, standing army

Mamluks/mamluk sultanate

prior enslaved soldiers(turkic descent) were trained as elite warriors in the islamic world, abbasid caliphate, repelled invasions of mongols & crusaders, turkic state, seized power

Sufis

muslim missionaries, sufism emphasized mystical experience, available to anyone

House of Wisdom

developed in Baghdad, massive & famous library, attracted scholars to study religion and sciences. Scholars were in charge of preserving great works of Greek moral and natural philosophy, translated and commented on them. Transferred to Europe

Vijayanagara Empire

Hindu kingdom founded in south Asia, 14th century. Hindu emissaries undercover as muslim who then established rival hindu empire, brothers of Vijayinagars Sangana dynasty, south india

Rajput kingdoms

collection of rival and warring hindu kingdoms that existed before muslim rule in india, ind. Hindu states

Delhi Sultanate

south asia, turks,north india, sunni Islam, elected, glory of Islam, king raja Dhilu, Qatb-Ud-din sultan, Mughal after battle of pacipat

Majapahit Kingdom

hindu kingdom in java with hindu influences, power through tributary(reality that the majipaji had biggest power of region and extended control over other states by acquiring tribute or gifts) system among states in region

Khmer Empire

hindu in cambodia empire in cambodia, home to angkor what to represent entire hindu universe, rulers converted to buddhisms and added monuments into building, the blending of religions was called syncretism

Bhakti Movement

encouraged believers to worship of relationship one particular god(vishnu) n hindu pantheon of Gods, under hinduism, rejected hierarchy of Hinduism, encouraged spiritual experiences to all people regardless of social statues

Mississippian

complex hierarchical society in north america based on maize agriculture & extensive trade networks

Matrilineal Society

mothers ancestry determined line, inheritance, lineage, and class

Mound Building

construction or mounds for ceremonial, burial, and religious purposes, platforms for significant structures

Cahokia

urban center for trade, economy, political & social organization, mounds, Mississippian cultures

Mexica

mexicas name for aztecs, in the mexicas(central) known for growing beans, squash, etc.

Human Sacrifice

believed that son was a deity and was losing energy in a struggle of darkness, required sacrifice of human blood, used in incan empire

Pachacuti

ruler who expanded through military into south america, machu picchu, inca,

Incan Empire

centralized empire under pachacuti in cuzco peru, extended from ecuador to chile, had 4 provinces and temples, farming, quipu,

Mit’a System

tax system under the Incan empire that involved mandatory labor system for all people under incan rule

Carpa Nan

25k miles of roads, runner could run 150 miles per day, highway system

Temple of the Sun

machu picchu in peru, incans

Zanj Rebellion

in southern mesopotamia, against abbasid caliphate slavery system, lead my ali bin muhammad

Great Zimbabwe

South east Africa,dwelling of chief, centralized, controlled some indian ocean trade

Ghana

capital in west Africa, first kingdom, lead by ghana

Mali

west african empire, gold, camels, timbuktu, sundiata, mansa musa, islamic, tax, soon slaves, tribute,

Ethiopia

muslim populated, isolated, north east africa, home to st augustine and axum which dwelled christians

Manorial System

tribute to china, manors; servant labored lands

Feudalism

hierarchical social systems of middle ages, 4 levels in structure with king on top, women couldn't own land, Japan & Europe(France, England, Holy Roman empire)

Serfs

peasants on same level in hierarchy, on bottom, worked in land, limited rights, skilled in trade which helped break out of feudal mode as global trade increased

Primenture

system of inheritance were first born oldest son get majority of property, youngest sons work in military or gov

Bourgeoisie

new middle class, shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, & small landowners

Burghers

3rd in the 3 estates,

Crusades/crusaders

christian lead, killed muslims, re obtain holy land, lead to integration of europe into dar al islam. european soldiers, diverse, goal to get back when was stolen in attempt to establish

Marco Polo

famous traveler, diplomatic missions by kubalai khan in china, influenced many venetians, muslim, traveled across silk roads

Humanism

the growth potential of humans, renissanse

Lay Investiture Controversy

installation of religious authorities by non

Little Ice Age

about 500 years of freezing climate, ruined crops, irrigation, lead to vacuum,

Magnetic Compass

during tang or song dynasty in China, allowed for maritime travel and trade by navigating sails, Guided travelers throughout south asian and chinese ocean

Rudder

steering device, improves control & navigation, behind ship, mechanical, china

Junk (ship)

created by song, massive trade ships. Water type bulkheads and stern

Kashgar

Oasis city in West China that served as cross road/hub  with silk roads and trading center

Samarkand

capital city in n china, part of mongol empire, yuan dynasty, under timur

Money Economy

coins and paper made money to trade

Flying Cash

from tang dynasty, allowed for carry of other materials along land, bill of exchange,

Paper Money

originated from the tang dynasty, used throughout eurasia, failed,

Banking Houses

reserved for exchange of money

Kuriltai

political & military council or “great assembly” of ancient mongol & turkic chiefs & khans

Khenates

lead by ilkhan Ghazan in

Pax Mongolica

period of peace during mongol rule, trade & exchanged prospered

Golden Horde

hegernuny authority, mongol army, in russia, adopted and took tribute, above black sea

Moscow

historic & political center of Russia, unify region, break from mongol rule, become capital os tsardom of reissue before petersburg

Hulegu

mongol ruler, ghengis khan grandson, conquest of Baghdad, along silk road, founder of ilkhante of persia

Kublai Khan

Mongol conqueror of china during mongol empire, established yuan dynasty, escendent of chingis khan

Yuan Dynasty

replacement of song dynasty, lead by khublai Khan

Zhu Yuanzhang

founder of yuan dynasty in china, mongol, after song, general

Ming Dynasty

china, after mongol weakened, lead by hanzwu, eunuchs & mandarins, rebuilt confucius teachings,

Gobi Desert

cold desert in N china & S mongolia, barrier & trade route along silk road

Cannon

advancement from regular guns, used gunpowder from tang dynasty to conquer and attack enemies, long range and destructive

Uyghur Alphabet

writing system from sogdian script, Uyghur language, silk road, chagatai script variation

White Lotus Society

secret religious & political group in china, during yuan & ming dynasty, Gaol

Bubonic Plague

the black death, originated in SW china, spread through campaigns, mongol conquests, trade, etc. throughout asia, caused downfall of persia & mongol empire

Malacca (Melaka)

SE asian capital, traded spirces & perpper for other goods,

Gujarat

Western india, center for Indian ocean trade, production of cotton textiles,indigo, etc, muslim & hindu

Calicut

city in southern india,

Spice Island

SE Asia in Vietnam, traded via the Indian ocean. Straight of malaka,

Monsoon Winds

the direction of winds vs current to travel and navigate through seas

Astrolabe

Navigation device that measures latitude and helped locate Mecca, Trade throughout Saudi Arabia,

Indian Ocean Slave Trade

from africa, took slaves(black people) and distributed it to lands for money and ownership, zanj,

Zheng He

from ming dynasty in china, eunuch mariner who lead expeditions throughout indian ocean & connected with other regions

Sudiata

founder of mali empire, muslim,

Mansa Musa

related to Sundiata, emperor of Mali empire during its hight, known for hajj and gifting of gold & slaves, built timbuktu

Timbuktu

learning center/city founded by mansa musa in mali

Mecca

Home of muhammad, in arabian peninsula, capital of Islam

Oasis

fertile area in desert w/ water source, stop for caravans, along silk roads & trans sahaan trade network

Effects of Trade

led to the spread of cultures, religions, and technologies, the growth of urban centers like Hangzhou, and the exchange of both beneficial crops and devastating diseases like the Black Death.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan muslim traveler and scholar

Margery Kempe

english mystic, book, impact of trade routes on cultural exchange, challenged gender roles & expectation

Lateen Sail

safer travel, more efficient & less time consuming, triangle shaped sails that adapted to winds and navigated ships(maritime trade)

Hangzhou

east asia, crossroads in China, capital

Constantinople

capital of byzantine during time of jesus

Sinifacation

assimilation of Chinese traditions & practices

Varna

each of the four Hindu castes, Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra

Jati

a caste, groups based on birht/color

Brahmins

highest ranking varna in Hindi society, that of priesthood

battle of talikota

end of vijayanagar empire