SEMI FINALS

Infections

is the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found. Such a microorganism is called an infectious agent.

Infections

Microrganism exist everywhere: in water, in soil, and on body surfaces such as the skin, intestinal tract, and other areas open to the outside (e.g., mouth, upper respiratory tract, vagina, and lower urinary tract).

Infections

Most microorganisms are harmless and some are even beneficial in that they perform essential functions in the body.

Infections

Some microorganisms are normal resident flora (the collective vegetation in a given area) in one part of the body, yet produce infection in another. For example, Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as E. coli, is a normal inhabitant of the large intestine but a common cause of infection of the urinary tract

Asymptomatic / Subclinical Infection

if microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease.

Asymptomatic / Subclinical Infection

Despite the lack of symptoms, the person can still carry and potentially spread the infection to others. This is common in diseases like COVID-19, tuberculosis, or certain viral infections.

Virulence

severity of the diseases they produce

degree of communicability

Pathogenicity

Characteristics of Microorganism

Virulence

degree of damaged caused by microorganism to the host

severity of the diseases they produce

( ex. common cold virus is less severe but more readily transmitted than the bacillus that causes leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae).

degree of communicability

ability to spread the disease

Pathogenicity

ability of the microorganism to cause disease

LOCAL

SYSTEMIC

ACUTE

CHRONIC

TYPE OF INFECTIONS

LOCAL

is limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganism remain

SYSTEMIC

if the microorganism spread and damage different parts of the body

ACUTE

generally appear suddenly or short time

CHRONIC 

occur slowly over very long period and may last months or year

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

are classified as infections that originate in the hospital.

subgroup of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)

those that originate in any healthcare setting

endogenous

exogenous

Sources of Nosocomial Infection

Endogenous

originate from the client

Exogenous

originate from the hospital environment and personnel

IATROGENIC INFECTION

are classified as infections that is direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures

hands of health care personnel

 is the common vehicle for spread of pathogens

CHAIN OF INFECTION

describes the process of how  infections spread

Etiologic Agent

Reservoir

Portal of exit

Mode of transmission

Portal of Entry

Susceptible host

6 LINKS OF CHAIN OF INFECTIONS

Etiologic Agent

microorganism or pathogen

Reservoir

sources of microorganisms

Carrier 

is a human or animal reservoir of a specific infectious agent that usually does not manifest any clinical signs of disease

Portal of exit

Is the point of escape for the organism from the reservoir

Mode of Transmission

After a microorganism leaves its source or reservoir, it requires a means of transmission to reach another individual or host through a receptive portal of entry.

direct transmission

indirect transmission

airborne transmission

3 MECHANISM OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Direct transmission

involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from individual to individual

Indirect transmission

Involves personal contact with inanimate object

VEHICLE-BORNE TRANSMISSION

VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION

2 TYPES OF INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

VEHICLE-BORNE TRANSMISSION

is any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry

VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION

A vector is an animal / nonhuman carrier (flying or crawling insect) that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent.

Airborne transmission

may involve droplets or dust.

DROPLET TRANSMISSION

Occurs when pathogens (relatively large – greater than 5 mcm) are transferred through the air from its reservoir in droplet of body secretion and usually will fall from suspension after 3-6 feet of travel

Portal of Entry

Is the point at which organisms enter a new host

Susceptible Host

A susceptible host is any individual who is at risk for infection

Compromised host 

is someone at increased risk, an individual who for one or more reasons is more likely than others to acquire an infection

Non-specific Defenses 

Specific Defenses

2 CATEGORIES BODY DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION

Non-specific Defenses 

protect the individual against all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure

Anatomic and Physical Barriers

Intact skin and mucous membranes  (like in nasal passages and lungs) are the body’s first line of defense against microorganisms.

Inflammation

is a local and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent. It is an adaptive mechanism that destroys or dilutes the injurious agent, prevents further spread of the injury, and promotes the repair of damaged tissue.

physical agent

chemical agents

Injurious agents can be categorized as

Physical Agent 

include mechanical objects causing trauma to tissues, excessive heat or cold, and radiation

Chemical Agent

include external irritants (e.g., strong acids, alkalis, poisons, and irritating gases) and internal irritants (substances manufactured within the body such as excessive hydrochloric acid in the stomach)

Microorgansism

includes bacteria, viruses,fungi and parasites

Specific defenses

are directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other infectious agents

Antibody-mediated defenses

also known as humoral (or circulating) immunity because these defenses reside ultimately in the B lymphocytes and are mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

Cell-mediated defenses

occur through the T-cell system.

Age

Heredity

Level of stress

Nutritional status

Current medical therapy

Pre-existing disease processes

FACTORS INCREASING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION

ASEPSIS

is the freedom from disease-causing microorganisms.

Medical Asepsis

Surgical Asepsis

2 BASIC TYPES OF ASEPSIS

SEPSIS

is the condition in which acute organ dysfunction occurs secondary to infection

MEDICAL ASESPSIS / clean technique

includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms.

Clean

which means the absence of almost all microorganisms

Dirty

(soiled, contaminated), which means likely to have microorganisms, some of which may be capable of causing infection

SURGICAL ASEPSIS / sterile technique

refers to those practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms

STERILE FIELD

A designated area that is completely free of microorganisms to perform a sterile procedure.

HANDWASHING

Considered as one of the most effective infection prevention measures

DISINFECTANT

a chemical preparation like phenol or iodine compound use in inanimate objects

STERILIZING

Process that destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses

moist heat

gas

boiling water

radiation

4 Methods OF STERILIZATION

Moist Heat

Steam under pressure is use because it attains temperature higher than boiling point

Gas

Ethylene oxide destroys microorganism by interfering with their metabolic process

Boiling Water

The most practical and inexpensive method for sterilizing at home

Radiation

can be ionizing  radiation such as alpha, beta and x-ray- which are effective in sterilizing food, drugs and other items sensitive to heat

Standard Precaution

Transmission-based Precaution

TWO (2) APPROACHES INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

STANDARD PRECAUTION

/ UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION

a standard set of  guidelines designed to prevent transmission of infections, particularly bloodborne pathogens, by treating all patient blood and certain body fluids as potentially infectious. (WHO)

TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION

Are use in addition to standard precaution for clients with known  or suspected infections that are spread in one of the 3 ways

airborne transmission
droplet transmission

contact transmission

3 WAYS OF TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION

ISOLATION

Measures designed to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infectious microorganism to health personnel, clients, and visitor

Category-specific isolation precaution

Disease-specific isolation precaution

2 Categories of ISOLATION

ISOLATION PRACTICES

Initiation of practices to prevent the transmission of microorganism is generally a nursing responsibility and based on a comprehensive assessment of the client

Gloves

Masks

Gowns

Protective Eyewear

4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

VITAL SIGNS

a part of assessment data base that is an important indicator of the client’s health

Temperature

Pulse Rate

Respiratory Rate

Blood Pressure

VITAL SIGNS INCLUDES

Temperature

Reflects the balance between the heat produced and the heat lost

THERMOREGULATION

When the amount of heat produced by the body is equals to the amount of heat lost

HYPOTHALAMUS

controls body temperature

Core temperature

surface temperature

2 KINDS OF BODY TEMPERATURE

Core temperature

Temperature of the deep tissues of the body, such as abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity; relatively constant

Surface temperature 

Temperature of the skin, the subcutaneous tissue and fats; variables

radiation

conduction

convection

evaporation

PROCESS OF HEAT LOSS

Radiation

is the transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without contact between the two object

conduction

is the transfer of heat from one object to another with direct contact

Convection 

Transfer of heat away by air movement

Evaporation 

Transfer of heat energy when liquid is change to gas

Normothermia 

Normal range: 36℃– 37.5 ℃( 96.8 F – 99.5 F )

HYPERTHERMIA

a body temperature above the usual/normal range

Hyperprexia 

a very high fever 41 ℃

intermittent

remittent

relapsing

constant / sustained

PATTERNS OF FEVER

INTERMITTENT

The body temperature alternates at regular intervals between periods of fever and periods of normal temp.

REMITTENT 

A wide range of temperature fluctuations occurs over 24-hour period, all which are above normal

RELAPSING

Short febrile periods of a few days are interspersed with period of 1 or 2 days of normal temperature

CONSTANT / SUSTAINED

The body temperature fluctuates minimally but always remains above normal

hypothermia

Core body temperature below the lower limit