Thermochem

amorphous

describes a solid that lacks a definite shape or crystalline structure, often having a disordered atomic arrangement.

crystalline

describes a solid with a well-defined structure and orderly arrangement of atoms, typically forming a regular geometric pattern.

volatile

describes a substance that readily vaporizes at low temperatures, often exhibiting significant changes in pressure and temperature.

viscosity

is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, which can indicate how thick or thin the fluid is.

surface tension

property of a surface of liquid allowing it to resist forces bc of cohesion.

sublimation

is the process where a solid transitions directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase.

boiling point

the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas.

melting point

the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.

evaporation

is the process where a liquid transitions into a gas at temperatures below its boiling point. slow turning into gas.

deposition

is the phase transition in which a gas transforms directly into a solid without passing through the liquid phase, often occurring under conditions of high pressure and low temperature.

condensation

is the phase transition where a gas transforms into a liquid, typically through cooling or compression.

solution

is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where the solute is uniformly distributed within the solvent.

solute

is the substance that is dissolved in a solution, resulting in a homogeneous mixture with the solvent.

solvent

is the substance in a solution that dissolves the solute, typically present in a greater quantity, forming a homogeneous mixture.

solubility

is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure, forming a solution.

saturated

solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a specific temperature and pressure.

unsaturated

solution that contains less solute than can be dissolved at a specific temperature and pressure.

miscible

describes two liquids that can mix in any proportion without separating into two phases.

immiscible

describes two liquids that do not mix or cannot mix in any proportion, resulting in separation into distinct layers.

electrolyte

natural charge when dissolved in water

nonelectrolyte

substance that does not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water, and therefore does not conduct electricity.

dissociation

the process of breaking down into smaller components or ions when dissolved in a solvent.

hydration

the process by which water molecules surround and interact with solute ions or molecules.

molarity

a measure of concentration representing the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

collligative property

a property that depends on the number of solute particles in a solution, rather than the identity of the solute.

colloid

a mixture where fine particles are dispersed within a continuous medium, often exhibiting properties between those of a solution and a suspension. solute settles over time

suspension

a heterogeneous mixture in which solute particles are large enough to settle out over time, typically requiring agitation to remain evenly distributed.

alloy

a mixture of two or more metals or a metal and another element, combining their properties to enhance strength or resistance to corrosion.

enthalpy

a measure of the total heat content of a system, often used in the context of thermodynamic processes to determine the energy changes during reactions.

entropy

a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system, often associated with the amount of energy not available for doing work.

endothermic

a process or reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings, resulting in a decrease in temperature.

exothermic

a process or reaction that releases heat to its surroundings, resulting in an increase in temperature.

temperature

a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance, influencing the direction of heat transfer.

heat

the form of energy transferred between systems or objects with different temperatures.

potential energy

the stored energy in an object due to its position or configuration, which can be converted into kinetic energy.

kinetic energy

the energy of an object due to its motion, defined as half the mass times the velocity squared.