biology final review

This definition of evolution, used in modern biology,

describes evolution as a change in these measurable

values within a population over time.

allele frequencies

This set of five assumptions—no mutation, random mating, no

natural selection, infinite population size, and no gene flow—

describes conditions under which allele frequencies remain

constant.

Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium

This mechanism of evolution occurs when individuals with

certain heritable traits survive and reproduce more

successfully than others in a given environment.

natural selection

This evolutionary process, more pronounced in small

populations, results from random changes in allele

frequencies due to chance events such as bottlenecks or

founder effects

genetic drift

This type of reproductive barrier prevents hybrid offspring

from developing properly or surviving to sexual maturity,

even when fertilization occurs

postzygotic barrier

These two prokaryotic domains lack membrane-bound

organelles but differ significantly in their membrane lipids,

cell wall composition, and many genes involved in

transcription and translation

bacteria and archaea

Members of this protist supergroup include the euglenoids,

many of which can switch between photosynthesis and

heterotrophy depending on environmental conditions

excavata

Many bacteria are classified as Gram-

positive or Gram-negative based on

differences in this cell component.

cell wall

This process of horizontal gene transfer occurs when a virus

carries bacterial DNA from one cell to another.

transduction

This apicomplexan protist, transmitted by Anopheles

mosquitoes and characterized by a specialized organelle

complex used to invade host cells, is the causative agent of

malaria in humans

plasmodium

n the Polypodiophyta, these clusters of sporangia are found

on the underside of mature fronds and produce spores

sori

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share this key life-cycle

characteristic: dominance of this haploid generation

gametophyte

The evolution of this water-conducting tissue allowed plants

to grow taller and colonize drier habitats

xylem

Unlike seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms produce

male gametophytes in these structures, which allow

reproduction without free-standing water

pollen grains

Angiosperms undergo this unique fertilization process in

which one sperm fertilizes the egg while the other fuses with

two nuclei to form endosperm.

double fertilization

Cnidarians like jellyfish and sea anemones exhibit

this type of body symmetry

radial symmetry

Members of this phylum of animals are characterized by

compound eyes, segmented bodies, and jointed

appendages

phylum arthropoda

In these animals—including chordates and echinoderms—

the blastopore becomes the anus during embryonic

development

deuterostomes

This evolutionary development in vertebrates allowed for

reproduction fully independent of water and helped

animals colonize terrestrial habitats

amniotic egg

All chordates possess these four defining features at some

stage in development, including a dorsal hollow nerve cord

and a flexible rod for support

1) A post-anal tail

2) Pharyngeal (gill) slits/pouches

3) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

4) A notochord

This type of population growth occurs when resources are

unlimited, producing a roughly-J-shaped curve

exponential growth

This biome, found at high latitudes or altitudes, is defined by

permafrost, low-growing vegetation, and short growing

seasons.

tundra

This principle states that two species competing for the

same limiting resource cannot occupy the same niche

indefinitely

competitive exclusion

In this form of mimicry, a harmless species evolves to

resemble a harmful or unpalatable one to reduce predation

batesian mimicry

The predictable frequency, intensity, and spatial pattern of

events such as fires, storms, or floods that shape community

composition over time are collectively known as this

disturbance regime

Patterns in global biodiversity arise from the interaction of

ecological limits and this long-term process determining

survival and reproduction.

natural selection/evolution