bio 30 chapter 15: Endocrine System

homeostasis

body’s regulating to keep all it’s systems operating in normal limits in fluctuating environments

negative feedback

self-regulating system in which the output is fed-back to reduce further output

positive feedback 2 examples

• contractions when giving birth

• breast feeding milk to babies

hormones

chemical messengers produced by cells that affect other cells in different parts of body

endocrine hormones are produced by ___ and secreted into ___

• endocrine glands

• blood

Anterior pituitary gland (locations, function)

• front pituitary

• produces hormones

posterior pituitary gland (functions + location)

• stores hormones that hypothalamus makes

• back pituitary

hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to release stored __

hormones

blood sugar

glucose found in blood

blood sugar controlled by which 2 endocrine glands (+function)

pancreas

adrenal glands

Where is insulin made?

pancreas

adrenal gland makes which 2 hormones, explain their roles

epinephrine- fight or flight

cortisol- stress hormone

Hypo-gly-cemia

low - blood- sugar

hyper-gly-cemia

high blood sugar

pancreas contains cells which create what 2 things

• digestive enzymes

• hormones

islets of Langerhans

structure in pancreas that has cells which creates hormones responsible for insulin and glucose

insulin (4 factord)

• lowers blood sugar

• released when blood sugar is high

• cells more permeable to glucose for diffusion into cells

• glucose into glycogen and stored in liver + muscles

IN-sulin

glucagon (3 factors)

• raises blood sugar

• released when blood sugar low

• glycogen broken down and releases glucose in the liver + muscle

diabetes mellitus symptoms (5)

symptoms:

• hyperglycemia

• glucose in urine

• high urine production

• thirsty

• tired

adrenal gland role

regulate response to short-term and long-term stress

types of diabetes

types:

• type 1- born with, unable to produce

• type 2- adult; not enough

• type 3- pregnancy; temporary

adrenal medulla regulated by the ___

nervous sytem

Adrenal medulla produces which 2 hormones, what are their roles

epinephrine and norepinephrine to increase blood sugar and heart rate

adrenal cortex is regulated by___

hormones

adrenal cortex produces what 2 steroid hormones

steroid hormones: aldosterone and cortisol

metabolism 2 examples

• cell respiration (energy lost as heat )

• growth (muscles, bones etc)

3 factoes that affect metabolism

• thyroid gland

• parathyroid gland

• pituitary glands

thyroid makes 2 hormones, and their roles

thyroxine-

• increase metabolism and regulate growth

• main hormone to control metabolism throughout life

Calcitonin-

• lowers blood calcium lvls

• bones store calcium

calcium roles

calcitonin- IN TO STORAGE

• decrease calcium in blood

• from thyroid gland

• kidney removes calcium from blood

Antagonistic to PTH

parathyroid gland roles

make parathyroid hormone

• increases calcium in blood by releasing from bones

• from parathyroid gland

Antagonist to calcitonin

ADH function and source

• conserve water by less urine

• made in hypothalamus, stored in post. pituitary

osmoreceptors

receptors in hypothalamus which detect dehydration in blood, release ADH and THIRST

aldosterone function and source

• increase BP, increase blood volume reabsorbs sodium to increase water reabsorption

• released by adrenal cortex, when low BP