Option C & D SS IB Exam

Discuss the role of enzymes in digestion

Enzymes break down large food molecules into smaller ones the body can absorb (e.g., amylase breaks starch into sugar, protease breaks protein into amino acids).

Define basal metabolic rate

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the number of calories your body needs to stay alive and function at rest.

Discuss dietary practices sometimes employed by athletes to manipulate body composition

Athletes may adjust calorie intake, increase protein, use supplements, or change training to lose fat or gain muscle.

Define glycemic index

ranks foods by how fast they raise blood sugar after eating

State the enzymes responsible for the digestion of fats and proteins

Lipase digests fats, and protease (or pepsin) digests proteins.

Evaluate the consumption of carbohydrate gel during the soccer match

May provide quick energy, delays fatigue. May cause stomach upset; timing is key.

List three places where extracellular fluid is located in the body

Blood plasma, lymph, and fluid between cells (interstitial fluid)

Compare and contrast changes in body weight before and after training

Weight often drops after training due to fluid loss (sweat), not fat loss. It’s usually temporary

Describe the use of creatine as an ergogenic aid in sport

helps produce quick energy in muscles, improving short bursts of power; may cause water retention.

Using a sporting example, discuss body composition and how it affects performance

A sprinter with low body fat and high muscle mass can run faster; too much fat may slow them down.

Describe two methods of monitoring the hydration status of athletes

Check urine color (lighter is better) and measure body weight before and after exercise

State the typical pH range found in the:
(i) mouth.
(ii) small intestine.

(i) Mouth: about 6.5–7.5 (neutral)
(ii) Small intestine: about 7.5–8.5 (slightly alkaline)

Outline the two forms of digestion that take place inside the mouth

• Mechanical digestion: chewing breaks food into smaller pieces.

• Chemical digestion: enzymes in saliva (like amylase) start breaking down starch.

Discuss how a lifestyle of physical inactivity increases the risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Being inactive can lead to weight gain, high blood pressure, poor blood flow, and high cholesterol, which all raise the risk of heart disease.

Identify long-term consequences of osteoporotic fractures

They can cause chronic pain, reduced mobility, disability, and a higher risk of future fractures.

Outline the major health consequences for someone who is obese

heart disease, diabetes, joint problems, breathing issues, and certain cancers.

Outline how social support from others can enhance adherence to exercise

Support from friends, family, or trainers boosts motivation, accountability, and enjoyment, making people more likely to keep exercising

Explain type 1 and type 2 diabetes

• Type 1: The body doesn’t produce insulin (often genetic).

• Type 2: The body resists insulin or doesn’t make enough (often due to lifestyle).

Outline three physical activity guidelines for the promotion of good health in adults

1. Do at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly.

2. Include strength training twice a week.

3. Reduce long periods of sitting

Define hypokinetic disease

A disease caused by too little physical activity, like obesity, heart disease, or diabetes

Discuss the role of exercise in reducing the effects of depression

Exercise boosts mood, reduces stress, improves sleep, and increases feel-good brain chemicals like endorphins.

An athlete in training finds they are losing weight. Discuss this in relation to the concept of energy balance

If the athlete burns more calories than they eat, they are in a negative energy balance, leading to weight loss.

List two health risks of diabetes

Heart disease and kidney failure

Discuss the concept of energy balance

the relationship between calories in (food) and calories out (exercise/metabolism). Balance maintains weight; imbalance causes gain or loss

Outline atherosclerosis

A disease where fatty deposits build up in arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow

Explain the relationship between major societal changes and hypokinetic disease

Technology and desk jobs have reduced physical activity, increasing the risk of diseases like obesity and diabetes

State one habit that increases susceptibility to cardiovascular disease

Smoking

Outline how bone density changes from birth to old age

increases during childhood, peaks in early adulthood, and then slowly decreases with age, especially after menopause

Explain the relationship between physical activity and bone health

Weight-bearing exercise strengthens bones and helps maintain bone density, reducing the risk of osteoporosis

Predict possible cardiovascular consequences resulting from a lifestyle of physical inactivity

It may lead to high blood pressure, heart attacks, clogged arteries, and stroke

Osteoporosis

A condition where bones become weak and fragile, increasing the risk of fractures, often due to aging, low calcium, or lack of exercise