Ap Euro Fall Semester Final

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Black Death

Plague that struck Europe in 1347 and killed about one third of the population.

The Decameron

Collection of short stories by Giovanni Boccaccio reflecting society during the Black Death.

Flagellants

People who whipped themselves to atone for sins believing the plague was Gods punishment.

Hundred Years War

Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453 over political power and territory.

Agincourt

1415 battle where English longbowmen defeated a much larger French army.

Avignon

City where the Catholic popes resided from 1309 to 1377.

Great Schism

Period from 1378 to 1417 when multiple popes claimed authority.

Jacquerie

1358 French peasant uprising against heavy taxation.

English Peasants Revolt

1381 rebellion over taxes and economic pressures.

Vernacular

Everyday language spoken by ordinary people.

Divine Comedy

Epic poem by Dante exploring Hell Purgatory and Heaven.

Canterbury Tales

Collection of stories by Geoffrey Chaucer written in Middle English.

Renaissance

Cultural rebirth of classical Greek and Roman ideas from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries.

Patronage

Financial support of artists and writers by wealthy individuals or governments.

Communes

Independent Italian city states governed by merchant guilds.

Popolo

Common people excluded from political power in Italian cities.

Signori

One man rulers of Italian city states.

Courts

Palaces where rulers lived and supported artists.

Humanism

Study of classical texts to understand human nature.

Virtu

Ability to shape ones own destiny through skill and intelligence.

Christian Humanists

Northern humanists who combined classical learning with Christian values.

New Christians

Jews or Muslims in Iberia who converted to Christianity.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to corrupt or powerful clergy.

Indulgences

Church documents reducing punishment for sins.

Protestant

Non Catholic Western Christians originally followers of Luther.

Spanish Armada

Spanish fleet defeated by England in 1588.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvins systematic explanation of Protestant beliefs.

Predestination

Belief that God pre chooses who will be saved.

Holy Office

Catholic agency created to combat heresy.

Jesuits

Catholic religious order focused on education and missionary work.

Huguenots

French Calvinists.

Politiques

Moderates who supported strong monarchy over religious conflict.

Edict of Nantes

1598 law granting religious toleration to French Protestants.

Union of Utrecht

Alliance that formed the Dutch Republic.

Conquistador

Spanish conquerors of the Americas.

Caravel

Fast maneuverable ship used in exploration.

Ptolemys Geography

Ancient work introducing latitude and longitude.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement dividing new lands between Spain and Portugal.

Viceroyalties

Spanish colonial administrative regions in the Americas.

Encomienda System

Forced labor system imposed on Indigenous peoples.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of crops animals and diseases between Old and New Worlds.

Peace of Westphalia

1648 treaties ending the Thirty Years War.

Fronde

Rebellions against royal authority in France during Louis the Fourteenths youth.

Mercantilism

Economic system emphasizing gold silver and state power.

Peace of Utrecht

Ended the War of Spanish Succession and strengthened Britain.

Junkers

Prussian landowning nobility.

Boyars

Russian noble class.

Cossacks

Semi independent warrior communities allied with Russia.

Constitutionalism

Government limited by law.

Republicanism

Government without a monarch.

Puritans

Protestants seeking to purify the Church of England.

Protectorate

Cromwells military government.

Test Act

Law restricting public office to Anglicans.

Stadtholder

Executive leader of the Dutch Republic.

Natural Philosophy

Early modern science.

Copernican Hypothesis

Sun centered universe.

Experimental Method

Knowledge gained through repeatable experiments.

Empiricism

Knowledge from observation and experience.

Cartesian Dualism

Reality divided into mind and matter.

Enlightenment

Movement emphasizing reason science and progress.

Rationalism

Belief that reason is the primary source of knowledge.

Philosophes

French Enlightenment thinkers.

Salon

Social gatherings for intellectual discussion.

Rococo

Decorative artistic style emphasizing elegance and pleasure.

Enlightened Absolutism

Absolutist rulers applying Enlightenment ideas.

Cameralism

State control of society for public good.

Enclosure

Privatization of common land.

Proletarianization

Farmers becoming wage laborers.

Cottage Industry

Home based production.

Putting out System

Merchants supplying materials to rural workers.

Guild System

Trade associations controlling production.

Navigation Acts

British trade laws favoring English ships.

Debt Peonage

Laborers trapped in perpetual debt.

Charivari

Public shaming rituals enforcing moral behavior.

Illegitimacy Explosion

Rise in out of wedlock births between 1750 and 1850.

Wet nursing

Paid breastfeeding of others babies.

Consumer Revolution

Growth of consumer goods and demand.

Pietism

Emotional Protestant revival movement.

Methodists

Protestant group led by John Wesley.

Jansenism

Catholic movement emphasizing predestination.

Estates General

Assembly of the three estates in France.

Estates

Clergy nobility and everyone else.

National Assembly

Revolutionary French legislature.

Great Fear

Panic leading to peasant revolts in France.

Jacobin Club

Radical republican political group.

Girondists

Moderate revolutionaries.

Sans culottes

Radical working class Parisians.

Reign of Terror

Mass executions led by Robespierre.

Thermidorian Reaction

End of the Reign of Terror.

Napoleonic Code

Legal code ensuring equality for men.

Grand Empire

Napoleons European empire.

Continental System

Trade blockade against Britain.

Spinning Jenny

Hand powered spinning machine.

Water Frame

Water powered spinning machine.

Steam Engines

Coal powered engines driving industrial growth.

Tariff Protection

Taxes on imports to protect domestic industries.

Factory Acts

Laws limiting child labor and improving conditions.

Separate Spheres

Gender division of labor.

Mines Act of 1842

Banned women and young boys from mine work.

Class consciousness

Awareness of class interests.