pharmacolgy

Pharmacognosy

*study of the characteristics of natural drugs*

Pharmacodynamics

*study of the effects of the drugs on the body*

Pharmacokinetics

*study of the effects of the body on drugs*

Pharmacotherapeutics

 *study of the of drugs and efficacy on treatment*

Prophylactic

*preventative measure*

Absorption

*process of converting a drug to a form the body can use*

Excretion

*elimination of a drug from the body*

Metabolism

*process of converting drug molecules into a simpler form called a metabolite*

Distribution

*process of transporting a drug to the site of action*

Generic name

*referred to as the official name*

Trade name

*brand or proprietary name given to a medication by the manufacturer*

Acupuncture

*procedure that uses needles and electrical currents to block pain*

What is an ampule?

S*mall sealed glass or plastic container that needs to be broken at the neck*

What is used to treat anaphylaxis?

*Epipen (epinephrine)*

Summarize the steps to reconstituting a medication:

*heck order, gather supplies, wash hands, cleans rubber stop of powder and diluent, inject air into vial of diluent, withdraw diluent, add to powder, palm roll to mix*

How can liquid vaginal medications be administered:

*via douche* 

What  is a salve?

*A type of ointment*

How long before another manufacturer can produce a drug that was originally made by another manufacturer?

20 years

What is the unit of measure for insulin

measured units and not mL

what is unique about an insulin syringe?

*syringe has no dead space*

Provide examples of medications derived from plants

*digitoxin, codeine, quinine* 

Provide examples of medications derived from fungi or bacteria

*penicillin, cephalexin*

Provide examples of medications derived from minerals

*potassium chloride, sodium chloride*

routes of injection

* Subcutaneous (under the skin)
* Intramuscular (in a muscle)
* Intravenous (in a vein)
* Intrathecal (around the spinal cord)

subcutaneous route

a needle is inserted into fatty tissue just beneath the skin

intramuscular route

preferred to the subcutaneous route when larger volumes of a drug product are needed

\
Drugs are usually injected into the muscle of the upper arm, thigh, or buttock.

\
Because the muscles lie below the skin and fatty tissues, a longer needle is used.

intravenous route

a needle is inserted directly into a vein

\
inserted in a vein, usually in the forearm.

\
Intravenous administration is the best way to deliver a precise dose quickly and in a well-controlled manner throughout the body. It is also used for irritating solutions, which would cause pain and damage tissues if given by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.

\
When given intravenously, a drug is delivered immediately to the bloodstream and tends to take effect more quickly than when given by any other route.

intrathecal route

a needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower spine and into the space around the spinal cord. The drug is then injected into the spinal canal

\n Sublingual

A few drugs are placed under the tongue (taken sublingually)

buccal route

between the gums and teeth (buccally)

\n Rectal route

Many drugs that are administered orally can also be administered rectally as a suppository.

\
inserts through the rectum

\
A suppository is prescribed for people who cannot take a drug orally because they have nausea, cannot swallow, or have restrictions on eating, as is required before and after many surgical operations

\
ex. __acetaminophen__ (for fever), __diazepam__ (for seizures), and laxatives (for constipation)

vaginal route

Some drugs may be administered vaginally to women as a solution, tablet, cream, gel, suppository, or ring.

ocular route

Drugs used to treat eye disorders (such as glaucoma, conjunctivitis, and injuries) can be mixed with inactive substances to make a liquid, gel, or ointment so that they can be applied to the eye.

otic route

Drugs used to treat ear inflammation and infection can be applied directly to the affected ears. Ear drops containing solutions or suspensions are typically applied only to the outer ear canal.

nasal route

If a drug is to be breathed in and absorbed through the thin mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages, it must be transformed into tiny droplets in air (atomized). Once absorbed, the drug enters the bloodstream.

\n Cutaneous route

Drugs applied to the skin are usually used for their local effects and thus are most commonly used to treat superficial skin disorders, such as __psoriasis__, __eczema__, skin infections (__viral__, __bacterial__, and __fungal__), __itching__, and __dry skin__

\n Transdermal route

Some drugs are delivered bodywide through a patch on the skin. These drugs are sometimes mixed with a chemical (such as alcohol) that enhances penetration through the skin into the bloodstream without any injection. Through a patch, the drug can be delivered slowly and continuously for many hours or days or even longer.

intramuscular injection sites

\-deltoid muscle of the arm

\-**Vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh**

\-**Ventrogluteal muscle of the hip**

\-**Dorsogluteal muscles of the buttocks**

deltoid

To locate this site, feel for the bone (acromion process) that’s located at the top of your upper arm. The correct area to give the injection is two finger widths below the acromion process. At the bottom of the two fingers will be an upside-down triangle. Give the injection in the center of the triangle.

**Vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh**

Divide the upper thigh into three equal parts. Locate the middle of these three sections. The injection should go into the outer top portion of this section.

**Ventrogluteal muscle of the hip**

Place the heel of your hand on the hip of the person receiving the injection, with your fingers pointing toward their head. Position your fingers so your thumb points toward their groin and you feel the pelvis under your pinky finger. Spread your index and middle fingers in a slight V shape, and inject the needle into the middle of that V.

**Dorsogluteal muscles of the buttocks**

The first thing to understand about the dorsogluteal im site is where it is located. For a visual, you should divide the buttocks into four quadrants. To locate the site of injection you will simply find the upper and outer section of that grid. It is located high on the buttocks, near the thigh.

subcutaneous injection sites

* Upper arms. At least 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) below your shoulder and 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) above your elbow, on the side or back.
* Outer side of upper thighs.
* Belly area. Below your ribs and above your hip bones, at least 2 inches (5 centimeters) away from your belly button.

\-use for insulin

intravenous injection sites

veins on the forearms

intradermal

are injections administered into the dermis, just below the epidermis. The ID injection route has the longest absorption time of all parenteral routes. These types of injections are used for sensitivity tests, such as TB ), allergy, and local anesthesia tests.

angles for injections

intramuscular - 90 degrees

subcutaneous- 45 degrees

intravenous - 25 degree

intradermal- 10-15 degree

ch 51 53

needle gauges

the bigger needle size, the smaller size of the actual needle

analgesics

drugs that relieves pain

*tylenol, percocet*

***Antacids***

Drugs that relieve indigestion and heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid

tums

*Diuretics*

*increases urine production): lasix (furosemide)*

*Antibiotics*

*(treat infection): amoxicillin*

*Antihypertensives*

*(decrease blood pressure): atenolol*

Provide examples of medications derived from plants

*digitoxin, codeine, quinine*

Provide examples of medications derived from fungi or bacteria

 *penicillin, cephalexin* 

Provide examples of medications derived from minerals

*potassium chloride, sodium chloride*

*Antihypertensives*

*(decrease blood pressure): atenolol*

*Anticoagulants*

*(reduces clotting): coumadin, heparin…*

*Prophylactic*

*(preventative medicine): birth control pills*

*Antiarrhythmics*

*(normalizes heartbeat): amiodarone*

Schedule I

*highest potential for abuse, no accepted medicinal use*

Schedule II

*high potential for abuse, includes meds such as morphine*

Schedule III

*lower potential for abuse, moderate potential to develop dependency*

Schedule IV

*lower potential for abuse, limited potential to develop dependency*

Schedule V

*lowest potential for abuse, very limited potential for dependency*

Inscription

*includes the name and amount of the drug*

Subscription

*instructions to the pharmacist dispensing the medication, may include authorization to substitute generic form*

Transcription

 *includes patient instructions which generally follow the abbreviation Sig which means “mark”*

Signature

*prescriber’s signature*

Parenteral

*IM, SC, ID, IV*

Buccal

*cheek*

Sublingual

 *under the tongue, must allow drug to dissolve completely before eating*

Transdermal

*applied to the skin usually in the form of a patch*

rectal

vaginal

*placed in the rectum*

*placed in the vagina, such as a douche*

Topical

*salves or ointments, lotions. Salves and ointments are oil based and require more rubbing in.*

How many times do you check your order?

3 times

List at least 7 rights of medication administration.

Right person, right location, right dose, right time, right documentation, right route, right medication

IMD

90-degree angle bevel up

SC

45 degrees, bevel down 

ID

15 degrees, bevel up 

IMG

 90 degrees, bevel up

How do you measure for a SC injection behind the arm?

3 inches above your elbow (cubitus) on the fatty tissue on the back of your arm. 

Why would the z-track method of injection be used?

prevents leakage of irritating and discoloring medications into the subcutaneous tissue or the layers of the skin. It also may be used in elderly patients who have decreased muscle mass. 

Why must you remove air from the syringe when drawing up a medication?

It helps remove air bubbles so you can give the accurate amount of medication. 

Why would the needle be changed after drawing up a medication?

It decreases the risk of infection and different medications have different needles to draw up than to be injected

What information must be documented when administering an injection of  medication or vaccine?

The expiration date, the manufacturing date, the lot number, the name of the person administering it,  the dosage,  the location, the time, the date, the route of administration, patient allergies, whether they have gotten the vaccine before,  patient education 

Absorption

the process of converting a drug from its dose form to a form the body can use.

Side effects

 are unintended but fairly mild and common effects of a medication.

Adverse effects

are potentially more harmful, but less common effects.

Toxicology

is the study of the poisonous effects, or toxicity of drugs. This would include adverse effects and drug interactions.

DEA number

 required for prescriptions of Schedules II, III, IV, and V medications only

NKDA (No known drug allergies)

should be asked before prescribing medication

Drugs that have local effects

are applied directly to the skin, tissues, or mucous membranes

Drugs that produce systemic effects

are administered by routes that allow the drug to be absorbed and distributed in the bloodstream.

\

patient rights

Right Reason – Know reason drug is being given

Right to Know – Patient should know reason as well

Right to Refuse – Patient does not have to take drug

Right Technique – Review technique before using

Sublingual medication

medication under the tongue

a sharps container should only be filled

2/3 full

parental

medication given by injection

z track method

is used by pulling the skin and subcutaneous tissue to the side before inserting the needle at the site.

intramuscular injection for pediatric patients

until the patient is two years ago