Lesson 13 - Cardiovascular system: Blood

Plasma

Plasma

primarily made up of about 90% water, also contains protein salt, lipids, glucose and other dissolve substance.

is the liquid part of our blood. It carries nutrients, hormones, and protein to different parts of the body.

Erythrocytes

also known as the Red Blood Cell (RBC) , are the functional components of blood responsible for transporting gases and nutrients throughout the human body.

Disk-shaped, with edges that are thicker than the center cell

life span ranges from 100-120 days

6.5-8.5 in diameter

Anemia

a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells.

Polycythemia vera

It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells. These excess cells thicken your blood, slowing its flow, which may cause serious problems, such as blood clots. Also a type of blood cancer.

RBC production

you need iron, vitamin B12 and Folate

Leukocytes

A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue.

These are part of the body's immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases.

Granulocytes

- these white blood cells have granules and help fight infections
- they include cells that fight bacteria, parasites and play a role in allergies

Agranulocytes

- these white blood cells don’t have granules and help with the body immune response.

- they include cells that fight viruses and other cells that eat up bacteria

Platelets

also known as Thrombocytes, they are tiny pieces that help your blood clot

when you get a cut, they stick to the wound and help stop the bleeding

Inspiratory capacity

the amount of air a person can inhale after a normal expiration is 3500 mL at rest

Vital capacity

maximum volume of air a person can expel after a maximum inspiration is 4600 mL

Functional residual capacity

amount of air remaining in the lungs at normal inspiration 2300 mL at rest

Total lung capacity

5800 mL

Other solutes found in plasma

these include electrocytes like sodium and potassium.

nutrients such as glucose and amino acids waste products (urea) and gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Hematopoiesis

blood cell production. Your body continually makes new blood cells to replace old blood cells so you have a steady blood supply.

Erythropoiesis regulation

our body make more RBCs when it needs them.

our kidney senses it when we need more oxygen in the blood.

when they send out a signal using a hormone called erythropoietin to make those RBCs.

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

made in our liver and kidney to tell the bone marrow to make more platelets to help stop the bleeding.

very important in platelet production regulation

Vascular spasm

the blood vessels quickly squeezes tight where its hurt. This helps slow down the bleeding

Platelet plug formation

tiny blood cell, stick to the site of injury and clumps together to form a temporary plug that helps stop the bleeding.

Coagulation / Clotting cascade

an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.

Triggers of the extrinsic pathway

this starts when blood leaks out of the body, and its like an emergency call for help, activating a fast response to make a clot

Triggers of intrinsic pathway

this one starts when the side of blood vessels is damaged, setting off a slower response

Common pathway

Both pathways above end up here, where the real clot making happens, turning liquid blood into a solid clot

Stable fibrin clot

the clot gets reinforced to make sure it’s stable and can last until the blood vessel is healed

Lymphocyte

produces antibodies and other enemies responsible for destroying microorganisms: contributes to allergic reactions

agranulocyte

Round nucelus

cytoplasm forms a thin ring around the nucleus; 6-14 in diameter

Monocyte

a type of WBC that reside in your blood and tissues to find and destroy germs (viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa) and eliminate infected cells.

agranulocyte

Neurophil

primarily responsible for fighting bacterial infections

granulocyte

Eosinophils

combat parasitic infections and contribute to allergic reactions

granulocyte

basophils

release histamine and other chemicals during inflammatory responses.

granulocyte

General functions of the blood

transport of substances
regulation of pH and osmosis
maintenance of body temperature
protection against foreign substances
clot formation

Main components of plasma

91% water, 7% proteins, 2% other components (ions, nutrients)

Proteins found in plasma

Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen

Albumin

- 58% of the plasma protein helps keep fluid from leaking out of your blood vessels into other tissue

- Synthesized in the liver

Globulin

- 38% of plasma proteins functions as transport molecules, plasma proteins bind to molecules and carry them to blood throughout the body
- play a role in immunity 'antibodies'
- (found in liver)

Fibrinogen

- also a clotting factor that 4% of plasma proteins
- threadlike protein that forms blood clots
- (found in liver)

Clot retraction

after a blood clot forms, it doesn’t just end there. The clot actually shrinks or contracts, pulling the edges of the broken blood vessels together. This help the would to close up and heal. Platelets in the clot release substances that make this happen and the protein fibrin gets pulled together.

Fibrinolysis

this is the process of breaking down the clot after the wound has healed. Your body doesn’t want the clot there forever blocking blood flow. It uses a system to carefully dissolve the fibrin meshwork of the clot. A substance called plasmin plays a big role here, chopping up fibrin and helping to clear away the clot.

Importance of knowing one’s blood type

knowing your blood type is crucial for safe blood transfusion and understanding potential issues in pregnancy related to blood type compatibility.

Antigen

there are substances on the surface of our RBCS. Think of it as an ID, it tells them what kind of blood cell they are

Antibody

these are in our plasma, the liquid part of our blood and act against blood cells that carry antigens different from your own

Blood pH level

7.35-7.45 pH

Where does the blood get destroyed

Spleen

Blood transfusion


the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood.

blood group O

has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

blood group AB 

has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies.

blood group A

has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

blood group B

has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma.

phenotype


observable characteristics

genotype


genetic composition. what you inherited from your mother and father.

The cardiovascular system 

delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells and organs in the body. It plays an important role in helping the body meet the demands of activity, exercise, and stress. It also helps maintain body temperature, among other things.

what organ produces clotting factors

the liver

The intrinsic pathway consists of

factors I, II, IX, X, XI, and XII. 1,2,9,10,11,12

The extrinsic pathway consists of

factors I, II, VII, and X. Factor VII is called stable factor. 1,2,7,10

Vitamin K


 is a group of compounds essential for blood clotting, bone health, and possibly heart health. You'll find it in leafy greens and some vegetables.

plasmin

will dissolve the blood clot. it is a serine protease that acts to dissolve fibrin blood clots.

Von Willebrand's disease (VWD)

is a common blood disorder that keeps your blood from clotting. This is an inherited disorder, meaning parents may pass the disorder on to their biological children.

Hemophilia B

is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a lack of blood clotting factor IX. Without enough factor IX, the blood cannot clot

Hemophilia A

the most severe blood disorder. is a blood clotting disorder caused by a genetic deficiency in clotting factor 8, thereby resulting in significant susceptibility to bleeding, both internally and externally. This condition occurs almost exclusively in males born to carrier mothers due to X-linked recessive inheritance.

Undesirable Clots

• Thrombus
• Embolus

Serum

plasma without a clotting factor.

Myeloid stem cells

most of the formed elements are derived from myeloid stem cells

Lymphoid stem cells

give rise to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell

Hemostatic mechanism

involves cell fragments known as "platelets" and a dozen of soluble clotting factors

Infusion

the introduction of a fluid other than blood such as saline or glucose solution in the blood

Transfusion reactions

antibodies can bind to red blood cell antigens, resulting in agglutination or hemolysis of red blood cells

Punnett square

You can predict the possible blood types of offspring based on the parents’ blood types