Biological Molecules 🧬🧫

Biological Macromolecule

A large molecule that is necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

Organic Molecules

Any molecule that consists of carbon, it can be joined with hydrogen and other elements

Inorganic Molecule

A molecule that consists of no carbon atoms

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base

Chitin

Type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms fungi cell walls

Dehydration Synthesis

(AKA condensation) A reaction that links monomer molecules, releasing a water molecule for each bond formed

Monomer

Smallest unit of larger molecules that are called polymers.

Polymer

Chain of monomer residues that covalent bonds link; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation

Polypeptide

Long chain of amino acids that peptide bonds link

Protein

Biological macromolecule comprised of one or more amino acids

Saturated Fatty Acid

Long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

Covalent Bond

Interatomic linkage that results from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. This binding is caused from electrostatic attraction of their nuclei for the same electrons

Enzyme

Catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

Glycogen

Storage carbohydrate in animals; made of connected glucose molecules

Glycosidic Bond

A bond formed by a dehydration reaction (Condensation) between two monosaccharides with eliminating a water molecule.

Hormone

Chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes.

Hydrolysis

Reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules by utilizing H2O

Lipid

Macromolecule that is non polar and insoluble in water

Nucleic Acid

Biological macromolecules that carries the cells genetic blueprint and carries instructions for the cells rings forming a planar structure

Starch

Type of carbohydrate that plant cells store energy in the form of glucose

Steroid

Type of lipid comprised of four fused hydrocarbon acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome

Translation

Process through which RNA directs the proteins formation

Triacylglycerol (triglyceride)

Fat Molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a a glycerol molecule

Unsaturated fatty acid

Long-Chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

Wax

Lipid comprised of a long-chain fatty acid that is esterified to a long chain alcohol; serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves

Hydrophilic

Polar molecules; charged sections of a molecules will interact with water. (Loves)

Hydrophobic

Non polar areas of a molecule

How does condensation occur?

A molecules will remove H+ and the other removes OH-, combining the other elements. (Removing water)

Condensation Characteristics

1. Puts monomers together

2. Results in water in the products

Hydrolysis Characteristics

1. Taking macromolecules apart

2. Requires water in the reagents (Reactants)

What are the 4 Main Types of Macromolecules?

1. Nucleic Acids

2. Carbohydrates

3. Lipids

4. Protein

Nucleic acid description and monomer

1. Information storage and expression

2. Monomer: ATCG; Nucleotides

Examples of Nucleic Acids?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA),

Carbohydrate Description and Monomer

1. Chemical formula (CH2O)n

2. Energy Storage

3. Soluble in water

4. Structural support

5. Monomer: Monosaccharide- “one””sugar”

What are examples of Carbohydrates?

Glucose, Sucrose, Starch, Cellulose

Lipids Description

1. Hydrophobic

2. Defined by properties

Protein Description and Monomer

1. 3-D shape=Function

2. Monomer: Amino Acid

What are examples of proteins?

Enzymes, Signals hormones, Transport (Channels, pumps), Immune (antibodies)